6 1. Briefly describe the basic viewpoints of Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development.
( 1)? Culture? History? Development theory. The essence of psychological development is the process that individuals gradually transform from low-level psychological function to high-level psychological function under the influence of environment and education.
(2) What is the essence of psychological development? Internalization theory? . Human development is that individuals absorb knowledge through internalized situations and gain development;
(3) The nearest development zone. Children have two levels of development: one is the existing level of children; The second is the possible level. The difference between these two levels is the nearest development zone. The zone of proximal development refers to a series of tasks that children can accomplish independently with the help of adults.
62. Briefly describe the classification of emotions
(1) According to the different relationship between subject and object, psychologists divide people's basic emotions into four categories: happiness, sadness, anger and fear.
(2) According to the intensity, persistence and tension of emotions, emotional states can be divided into mood, passion and stress. Mood refers to a relatively calm and lasting emotional state, and emotions are diffuse. Passion is a strong, explosive and short-lived emotional state. Stress refers to people's adaptive response to some unexpected environmental stimuli.
63. Briefly describe the classification of emotions
(1) Moral sense, the emotional experience about whether people's words and deeds meet certain social moral standards;
(2) Sense of reason is the emotional experience people have in their intellectual activities;
(3) Aesthetic feeling is produced when people evaluate natural and social phenomena and literary and artistic works according to aesthetic standards.
64. Briefly describe the relationship between emotion and emotion.
(1) difference
From the perspective of needs, emotion is a primitive and low-level attitude experience, which is related to whether the physiological needs are met or not, and it is shared by people and animals. Emotion is a follow-up and advanced attitude experience, which is related to whether social needs are met;
From the perspective of occurrence, emotion can be directly caused by simple perception of things, which is situational and changeable; Emotion is caused by the understanding of the complex meaning of things, which is stable and continuous;
From the form of expression, emotional experience is strong and often impulsive, accompanied by obvious external performance; Emotion is implicit and profound.
(2) Contact information
Emotion is the foundation of emotion, and emotion cannot be separated from emotion;
Emotion is inseparable from emotion, which is the concrete expression of emotion.
65. Briefly describe the methods of emotional adjustment.
(1) Teach students to form an appropriate emotional state;
(2) Enriching students' emotional experience;
(3) Guide students to look at problems correctly;
(4) Teaching students how to adjust their emotions;
(5) Improve students' emotional adjustment ability through practical exercise.
66. Briefly describe the characteristics of personality.
(1) Personality integrity. People have a variety of psychological components and characteristics, which do not exist in isolation, but are closely linked and integrated into an organic whole;
(2) the stability of personality. The stability of personality refers to the consistency of individual personality characteristics across time and space;
(3) the uniqueness of personality. The uniqueness of personality means that people's psychology and behavior are different;
(4) Sociality of personality. Personality is formed by individuals in the process of socialization and is unique to social people;
(5) Functionality of personality. Personality is the root of a person's success or failure in life, emotions and sorrows. Personality determines a person's lifestyle, and sometimes even decides a person's fate.
67. Briefly describe the types of temperament
(1) bile? The characteristics of Gary people are energetic, careless, consistent in appearance, strong and emotional;
(2) sanguine? Bloody people are characterized by quick response, vitality, liveliness, agility and emotional instability.
(3) Depression? The characteristics of patients with depression are: acute, steady, profound experience, gentle appearance, cowardice, loneliness and slow action;
(4) mucus? People with mucus are steady, but not flexible enough; Practical, but somewhat rigid; Calm and calm, but lack of vitality.
68. Briefly describe the structure of personality.
(1) Attitude characteristics of personality;
(2) the will characteristics of personality;
(3) Emotional characteristics of personality;
(4) Rational characteristics of personality.
69. Briefly describe the relationship between personality and temperament
(1) difference
Temperament is greatly influenced by congenital factors and difficult to change; The formation of personality is greatly influenced by society and practice, so it is easier and faster to change;
Temperament is a dynamic characteristic of behavior, which has nothing to do with the content of behavior, so there is no difference between good and bad; Personality is manifested in the relationship between individuals and society, so there are good and bad, good and evil.
(2) Contact information
Temperament affects the speed of character formation and development;
Personality can restrict the expression of temperament, but also affect the change of temperament.
70. Briefly describe the factors that affect personality development.
(1) The influence of heredity and physiology on personality;
(2) The influence of natural environment and social environment on personality;
(3) The influence of family on personality formation;
(4) The influence of school education on personality;
(5) Self-factors.
7 1. Freud's theory of personality development
Freud divided personality development into five periods:
(1) During the oral period (about-1 year), the baby gets satisfaction and happiness from oral stimulation such as sucking and sucking;
(2) In the anal period (2-3 years old), children get pleasure through urination;
(3) At the stage of sexual organs (about 4 years old), children enter the genital stage and like to fondle their sexual organs to get happiness and satisfaction;
(4) incubation period (from about 7 years old to before puberty), children's sexual and aggressive impulses begin to enter the incubation period, and they are not interested in sex and no longer get pleasure through body parts;
(5) During the reproductive period (from adolescence to adulthood), due to the maturity of sexual organs, individuals enter adolescence from childhood and begin to become interested in the opposite sex, and gradually have a gender-related career plan and marriage ideal psychologically.
72. Briefly describe Eriksson's personality theory.
Eriksson believes that the development of personality runs through an individual's life. The whole development process is divided into the following eight stages:
(1) basic trust versus basic distrust (0- 1.5 years old), and the development task at this stage is to cultivate trust;
(2) The sense of autonomy is related to the sense of shame and doubt (2-3 years old), and the development task at this stage is to cultivate autonomy;
(3) Active consciousness and subjective confrontation guilt (4-5 years old), the development task at this stage is to cultivate initiative;
(4) Diligence leads to inferiority (6- 1 1 year), and the development task at this stage is to cultivate a sense of diligence;
(5) Self-identity has an influence on role confusion (12- 18 years old), and the development task at this stage is to cultivate self-identity;
(6) Intimacy and loneliness (18-30 years old), the development task at this stage is to develop intimacy and avoid loneliness;
(7) The sense of reproduction is contrary to the sense of stagnation (30-60 years old in middle adulthood), and the development task at this stage is to gain a sense of abundance and avoid a sense of stagnation;
(8) Perfection without regret and despair (after the age of 60 in late adulthood), the development task at this stage is to gain a sense of perfection and avoid despair and depression.
73. Briefly describe the concepts and standards of mental health.
Mental health is a good and continuous mental state and process, which shows that individuals have the vitality of life, positive inner experience and good social adaptability, and can effectively play their physical and mental potential and positive social functions as members of society.
(1) Correct self-cognition;
(2) interpersonal coordination;
(3) Gender role differentiation;
(4) Good social adaptability;
(5) Positive and stable emotions;
(6) The personality structure is complete.
74. Briefly describe the principles of psychological counseling.
(1) the principle of facing all students;
(2) The principle of combining prevention with development;
(3) Respect and understand the student principle;
(4) the principle of students' subjectivity;
(5) Individualized treatment principle;
(6) the principle of overall development.
75. Briefly describe the methods of psychological counseling.
(1) The basic methods of behavior change are reinforcement, symbolic reward, behavior shaping, demonstration, regression, punishment and self-control.
(2) The basic methods of behavior training include general relaxation training, systematic desensitization and affirmation training;
(3) Methods to improve students' cognition include rational emotional therapy, cognitive therapy, visitor-centered therapy and group counseling.
The above content is a short answer to "Educational Knowledge and Ability" compiled by Bian Xiao for you in 2020 Middle School. If you want to know more about the teacher qualification examination, please pay attention to this platform in time!