First, the laboratory layout design
The design of laboratory layout is to scientifically and reasonably divide and arrange the existing laboratory sites according to the nature, goal orientation, functional requirements, experimental types and experimental technological processes of the laboratory.
Laboratory graphic design requires laboratory designers to be familiar with China's architectural decoration knowledge, relevant laboratory standards and specifications, and the designed laboratory experiment process.
Second, the laboratory area and instrument placement
Before the laboratory design, the type, quantity, specification, size, voltage, power and location of the instrument should be determined according to the experimental process, and the designers should design the interfaces of the instrument power supply, water supply and drainage, gas supply, purified water and exhaust pipelines. Determine the required area of each area according to the number and placement position of instruments, and divide the effective utilization space. The placement of instruments should not only be convenient for work, but also consider the bearing problem of the ground.
Third, the design of ventilation system
The design of laboratory ventilation system is the most important thing in laboratory design, and it is also the key factor for the success or failure of laboratory construction. The design of ventilation system in the laboratory includes two aspects: exhaust system and make-up air system.
The design of laboratory exhaust system should be based on Code for Design of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (GB500 19-2003) and Code for Design of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning for Civil Buildings (GB50736-20 12). The exhaust system should be scientifically and reasonably designed through comprehensive analysis and calculation of exhaust air volume, pipeline length, pipeline direction and actual situation of actual laboratory.
The gas supply system should be designed according to the requirements of the laboratory type. Physical and chemical laboratories are generally required to maintain a slight negative pressure (-5pa- 10pa). Some special biosafety laboratories have pressure gradient requirements. For example, a standard PCR laboratory is required to reduce the pressure in four functional areas, namely, reagent preparation area (+5Pa)→ sample preparation area (+0Pa)→ gene amplification area (-5Pa)→ product analysis area (-10Pa). Such a laboratory needs to be designed by controlling air supply and exhaust.
Fourth, electrical engineering design
The design of laboratory electrical engineering includes two aspects: strong current and weak current. Strong electricity mainly includes instrument electricity and lighting sockets. Weak current includes: network, data communication, broadcasting, video monitoring, etc.
High-voltage design should be based on the power of various instruments and equipment, according to the function room, floor, the whole building statistics. Each instrument room should be equipped with a separate room terminal distribution box, and the main instruments should be set aside with a separate loop, which should not be connected in series with room lighting or other sockets to facilitate the use and maintenance of instruments and equipment. The floor distribution box should be placed in a special distribution room, with a door lock, which needs special management.
The laboratory should be equipped with uninterrupted power supply to protect the main equipment of the laboratory. According to the electricity consumption parameters of laboratory equipment, the power and current parameters of uninterruptible power supply are determined. It should be noted that the choice of uninterruptible power supply should reserve enough space for the development of the laboratory, consider the possibility of increasing instruments and equipment in future lab and plan to purchase the parameters of instruments, and then fully reserve the distribution load. The electrical plug can be designed on the wall or the ground as required. The ground electrical plug should be waterproof to a certain extent, and the location of the electrical plug should be close to the power supply instrument, so as to reduce the ground wiring and make the laboratory more tidy. Because of the large heat dissipation and noise of uninterruptible power supply, an independent power supply room was set up behind the laboratory, and a special air conditioner was installed in the room.
Weak current: according to the development requirements of modern laboratory and the development trend of science and technology, it is suggested to design multiple network communication ports and at least one telephone interface in the main room; In the laboratory planning and design stage, it is necessary to design cameras in the main passages for laboratory management and monitoring. If possible, each room can be designed, and even camera monitoring can be strengthened in important precision instrument rooms.
Five, water supply and drainage design
Laboratory water supply and drainage includes tap water and purified water. Because the best way of water supply and drainage in the laboratory is to use concealed fittings, if there are omissions in the design, it will bring great inconvenience and trouble to the later laboratory management.
Generally speaking, high-quality U-PVC pipes, 6' main pipes and 4' branch pipes are selected for laboratory water supply pipes. High-quality PPR pipes are selected for drainage pipes, generally φ50 or φ75, and φ 1 10 can be selected in special cases.
Pure water, according to the amount and grade of pure water required for full-load operation of all equipment, determine the appropriate water-making equipment, and reserve enough space for the water treatment capacity of the selected equipment. In the design, the air pump with the loudest noise (providing air pressure for the automobile production line) and the pure water treatment instrument are placed in the independent water room behind the central laboratory, and the leak-proof pipeline of the pure water instrument is directly connected to the drainage system of the laboratory, and an air pump is set indoors to facilitate the treatment of a certain degree of leakage. In addition, two underground grooves are set on the axis of laboratory instruments, and all water supply and drainage pipelines are laid underground.
Six, the temperature and humidity requirements of the laboratory
The temperature and humidity of the laboratory should be designed according to the experimental requirements. The precision instrument room has certain requirements for temperature and humidity, such as ICP and ICP-MS, and other special ones, such as fiber inspection, paper inspection and textile fabrics, have higher requirements for temperature and humidity. Designers need to select materials according to standards when designing such laboratories.
ISO 139 and GB6529 standards stipulate the standard atmosphere for the inspection of textiles and textile raw materials, with a temperature of 20 1℃ and a relative humidity of 65% 2%. The standard atmosphere of test paper, paper products and cartons conforms to ISO 187 and GB 10739, with a temperature of 23 1℃ and a relative humidity of 50% 2%. In addition to the conventional constant temperature and humidity laboratory, there are other special constant temperature and humidity laboratories with special requirements, such as low temperature of 5- 18℃, high temperature of 30-80℃, low humidity with relative humidity less than 40%RH and high humidity with relative humidity higher than 80%RH.
Seventh, lighting and noise control design.
According to the Technical Code for Building of Biosafety Laboratories, the illumination of the second-level biosafety laboratory is not less than 300Lux, and the noise is not more than 68dB6. Before the interior decoration of the laboratory, put forward the illumination requirements of the laboratory to the constructor, and conduct illumination test after the completion. The illuminance of the computer room is about 285-3 19lux, and the illuminance of the core work area is about 375-384lux, which basically meets the BSL-2 laboratory construction standard. After taking measures such as water and electricity independence, the environmental noise of the laboratory is obviously reduced, especially in the relatively independent core work area, and the decibel number is basically the same as that of the general consultation room.
Eighth, purification and purification level.
Before the construction of the laboratory, the biosafety assessment should be carried out according to the General Biosafety Standard for Microbiology and Biomedical Laboratories, GB 19489-2008 General Biosafety Requirements for Laboratories, and the Biosafety Management Regulations for Pathogenic Microbiological Laboratories (the State Council Order No.424) to determine whether the laboratory needs to be purified and the purification level [2-4].
Evaluation results: The protection level of automation laboratory should not be lower than the requirements of BSL-2 laboratory. In the actual design, all laboratory indicators fully meet the requirements of BSL-2 laboratory, including clear identification, independent dressing room and independent warehouse, equipped with eye washer, autoclave and emergency tools. In addition, some requirements of BSL-3 laboratory construction are referenced in the design [5]. The floor height shall not be less than 2.6m, the clear width of the passage in the laboratory shall not be less than 1.5m, and the width of the door shall not be less than1m.. At the same time, the height and width of the door should be convenient for the transportation of instruments in the laboratory. After completion, some indexes of the laboratory, such as access control system, ventilation frequency and temperature and humidity control, have reached the level of BSL-3 laboratory.