There were six kinds of institutions of higher learning in the Tang Dynasty, namely imperial academy, Imperial College, Four Schools, Law, Calligraphy and Mathematics.
Imperial academy, also known as Guo Zi School or Guo Zi Temple, was the central official school after the Sui Dynasty in ancient China and the highest institution of learning in the ancient education system in China.
In the early years of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, it was decided to put Guo Zi Temple under the jurisdiction of Guo Zi School, imperial academy School, Four Schools, Calligraphy and Mathematics. In the 13th year (593), Guo Zi Temple no longer belonged to Taichang and became an independent educational management institution. In the 3rd year of Daye (607), it was renamed imperial academy. There was a man in the prison who offered a drink offering, who was in charge of management and education, and set up a master book and clerk. Such as Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Books, Calligraphy and Arithmetic. All public schools have quotas for doctors, teaching assistants and students. According to Dr. Sui Shu Guanbai Zhixia, "Guo Zi has five people, Imperial College, and four schools, calligraphy and arithmetic." The teaching assistant said, "There are five students in Guo Zi, Imperial College of Technology and four schools.
In the first year of Wude (6 18), Tang founded a school with 300 students, all of whom were aristocratic children and 24 teachers. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Tang renamed the school imperial academy and became an independent educational administrative institution. There is a cupbearer in the prison. He is the highest education officer. There is a teacher, Cheng, who is in charge. In the first year of Shenlong (705), it was renamed. According to "Old Tang Book": "Six studies are transferred to imperial academy." The so-called six studies are Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Books, Law, Calligraphy and Arithmetic.
Imperial college/college
In imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty, there were three schools: Guo Zi and imperial academy, and four schools, namely, law, calligraphy and arithmetic. The difference between them is related to the identity of the students (that is, their father and grandfather). Guo Zi, imperial academy and No.4 schools are for children of bureaucrats in grade three, grade five and grade seven or above, while law, calligraphy and arithmetic are for children in grade eight or below and Shu Ren. There are 500 people in imperial academy, four subjects 1300 people, 50 people in law, and 30 people in calligraphy and arithmetic. The school age is 14 to 19, and the legal age is 18 to 25. In the second year of Emperor Longshuo's reign (AD 662), imperial academy was established in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and together with Chang 'an imperial academy, it was called "two prisons".
Imperial academy Chief Executive toasted Guo Zi and presided over the government affairs. Set up a division as a supplement, Cheng (judge in charge), main book (handprint) and documents. There are doctors, teaching assistants, Confucian classics, direct lectures and other scholars responsible for teaching. After the students, Thai students and four students enter the school, they should study in different subjects according to whether they will be admitted to Jinshi or Ming Jing in the future. They learn Confucian classics, which are divided into large, medium and small. Those who pass the five classics, all the great classics pass, and the rest are one; The Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius should be mastered. This is basically consistent with the examination requirements of Jinshi and Mingjing. Every year, the school recommends people who take the imperial examination to the Ministry of Rites. If you can't be recommended for many years because of poor academic performance, or if you haven't been recommended for many years, you will often be expelled from school.
Most of the scholars and people who enjoyed fame in the early Tang Dynasty were born with two invigilators. The examiner also intends to reincarnate. Jinshi origin, two prison, deeply ashamed. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, ordered that all the people in the world be called together to form this school. However, after the Anshi Rebellion, due to political chaos and financial difficulties, schools turned from prosperity to decline, and the number of students was less than a quarter of that in the old days, including imperial academy and four schools.
Four subjects
In the 19th year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (495), four primary schools were established in Luoyang. Four primary schools started here. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, there were four primary schools, transferred to imperial academy, with 20 doctors and 300 teaching assistants to teach students the Five Classics. There were five doctors, five teaching assistants and 360 students in Sui Dynasty. In the 13th year of Emperor Wendi (593).
Students at school like to eat, but they should "tie up" their teachers. The so-called "tie", that is, "tie", is a gift given by students when they meet their teachers for the first time. This kind of etiquette is said to have been implemented in Confucius' time, but it was not until the Tang Dynasty that it was clearly stipulated that the ceremony should be light and heavy, depending on the nature of the school. For Guo Zi School and imperial academy, each person will be given three silks. Learn two horses in four courses; Learn from others. In addition to silk, there are wine and meat, and the quantity is uncertain. When giving gifts, in order to close the relationship between teachers and students, a certain payment ceremony will be held.
law
It refers to the jurisprudence that preaches and annotates written laws according to Confucian principles and takes law as the main principle. It not only explains the legal text with words and logic, but also expounds some legal principles, such as the relationship between etiquette and law, the boundary between interpretation and respect for classics, the relationship between provisions and legal significance, the relationship between laws and regulations, conviction and sentencing, the combination of leniency and severity in criminal law, the retention or abolition of corporal punishment, the change of criminal name, litigation and prison theory, etc. The Western Han Dynasty was determined to win. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guo Gong, Chen Chong and others passed down decrees from generation to generation and accepted disciples' teaching methods, with hundreds of students. Masters of Confucian classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, all commented on the laws of the Han Dynasty. In the Jin Dynasty, Zhang Fei and Du Yu also commented on the laws of the Jin Dynasty and explained the principles of legislation and the application of laws. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, private banknotes were gradually replaced by official banknotes. A Brief Introduction to the Laws of the Tang Dynasty in 652 AD is a model of this kind of official notes.
Law was first established by Ming Di in the Southern Song Dynasty in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Wei Ji, a senior minister, wrote to Ming Di that "a hundred officials should know the law". Ming Di founded legal education, set up a doctor of law, and turned to teach various officials the knowledge of legal proceedings. This was the beginning of China's law making, which broke the situation that Confucian classics dominated the whole country.
Law was subordinate to Dali Temple in Sui Dynasty, which was a kind of vocational education. In the Tang dynasty, it was brought into the management of the central official school, and the corresponding imperial examination was "Faming", and its students could take the Faming exam in the imperial examination. After that, they were awarded the position of eight product officials.
By the Tang Dynasty, the law was fashionable and outdated, but it was still very developed. Law in Tang Dynasty is one of the six official schools of the central government, either under imperial academy or Dali Temple. The doctor of law is in the eighth grade, the teaching assistant is in the ninth grade, and the doctor of Imperial College is in the sixth grade. Four doctors come from seven grades. Bai Juyi in On the Disadvantages of Criminal Law. Law is not a superior subject. Han Yu's "Zhai Lang, a student who has passed the provincial examination" said: "Students are either famous for classics or good at writing. As for learning to read and write by law, the Five-year Parole in the Southern Suburb of Huichang, Tang Wuzong stipulates that "the punishment is straight, and the calendar is filled by Ming people." Among them, "straight law" means legal professionals, as technicians.
In the second year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, the imperial edict said: "Anyone who can learn one method instead of two, if he is familiar with the law, will be reduced from his true colors to choose one, so that he will be punished on the same day as the official. Those who can learn a little law and know it at the same time will be punished according to Ming Jing's example. " Since Tang Dezong, those who can study law can get better treatment if they can pass the law.
There are four forms of laws in Tang Dynasty: criminal law, decrees, style and form. Law, that is, criminal law, includes criminal litigation and civil litigation. Order, that is, the provisions of the national organization system; Ge is a variety of laws and instructions issued by the emperor that state organs must abide by temporarily; Type, which is the official document procedure and detailed rules of activities of state organs, has the nature of administrative law, while the content of Ming law examination in the imperial examination in Tang Dynasty is law and discipline.
In the Tang Dynasty, the rulers carried out the policy of "Confucianism outside and law inside", and the imperial examination set up a law department to promote scholars to learn the law, so that future officials could better enforce the law. In the late Tang Dynasty, officials were corrupt and perverted the law, and the law became a dead letter.
calligraphy
Schools that trained calligraphy talents in the Tang and Song Dynasties. "New Tang Book Chronology": "All calligraphy studies are limited to three years old, two years old for Shuowen and one year old for Zilin." History of the Song Dynasty: "Scholars learn to seal, and the official grass is three-body, while Ming Shuo Wen, Zi Shuo,
mathematics
China's ancient school for training astronomy and mathematics talents is located in the capital. Tang belonged to imperial academy, and Song Mathematics was founded in Chongning for three years (1 104), and then merged into Taishi Bureau. The students studied Sun Tzu's Art of War, Five Cao Arithmetic, Nine Chapters Arithmetic, Island Arithmetic and Zhou Yun Arithmetic. There were four officers and students in the Han Dynasty, which divided Qin and Tian Jian into science and education. Twenty-five years (17 13), the Mathematics Museum was established in Changchun Garden. After four years of Qianlong (1739), he transferred to imperial academy, which was called imperial academy Mathematics. Sixty students from Manchu, Mongolian, Eight Banners of Han Army and Han nationality.
There are also Wenguang Pavilion, Chongwen Pavilion and Hongwen Pavilion.
Guangwenguan
A supplementary school affiliated to imperial academy in the Tang and Song Dynasties. In the 9th year of Tianbao (750), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty set up a doctor and teaching assistant in imperial academy, which was soon abolished. Xi 'an Zongyuan and Chu, Xijing Museum has 60 students, and the museum has 10 students.
Wenguang Pavilion was also built in the Song Dynasty. Anyone who tries imperial academy must first make up for the students in Wenguang Museum so that they can try it. The children of city officials and tourists from all over the country voted in the pavilion, reaching more than a thousand people, while only a dozen or twenty people attended the lecture on weekdays. In the seventh year of Zongyuan (1043), the number of students and apprentices increased to 2,400, and the number of students and apprentices increased to 2,400.
Chongwenguan
In the 13th year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (639), Chongxian Pavilion was established, which was directly under the jurisdiction of the East Palace. In the second year of Shang Yuan (675), it was changed to Chongwen Pavilion, where the bachelor was in charge of the classics and taught students. The school bookkeeper is responsible for collating ancient books. There are 20 students, all selected from the children of the royal family and senior officials in Beijing.
Hong Wen Pavilion
In the fourth year of Tang Wude (AD 62 1), Xiuwen Pavilion was located in Xiamen Province. In the ninth year, Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne and was renamed Hong Wen Pavilion. He collected more than 20 thousands of books, established bachelor's degrees, corrected books, and taught students and apprentices. If you encounter the institutional evolution and etiquette of North Korea, you can consult them. You should set up a proofreader to proofread ancient books and publish correct and incorrect books. There is a librarian, a consulate general and dozens of students, all selected from the royal family and the children of senior officials in Beijing. The bachelor's degree is taught by history and calligraphy. In the first year of Tang Zhongzong Shenlong (AD 705), it was renamed Zhao Wenting. The seventh year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (AD 705)