China has 34 provincial administrative regions, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions.
These 23 provinces are Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Taiwan Province.
The five autonomous regions are: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Xizang Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
These four municipalities are: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing.
The two special administrative regions are the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region.
Tianjin is located in the north of China, downstream of Haihe River, and east of Bohai Sea. It is the largest port city in the north of China, a national logistics hub, a core area of international shipping in the north, and the first batch of coastal open cities. It is the main node of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, the strategic fulcrum of the Maritime Silk Road, the intersection of the Belt and Road, and the nearest eastern starting point of the Eurasian Continental Bridge. It is located at the intersection of five tributaries of Haihe River, namely South Canal, Ziya River, Daqing River, Yongding River and North Canal.
Tianjin rose by water transportation since ancient times, and became a land and water terminal for transporting grain from the south to the north after the mid-Tang Dynasty. The rulers set up "Zhigu Village" in Zhigu; Haijin Town, founded in Yuan Dynasty, is a military center and a water transportation center. In the second year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1404), the city was officially built, which is the only city in ancient China with an exact record of the time when it was built. After Tianjin was turned into a trading port in the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1860), western powers set up concessions here one after another, and Tianjin became the frontier of the opening of northern China in modern times and the base of China's Westernization Movement. After more than 600 years, Tianjin has created a unique urban landscape that combines Chinese and Western cultures and is compatible with ancient and modern times.
The development of history
Tianjin is also the largest open city and industrial and commercial city in northern China. Tianjin is referred to as "Tianjin", which means the ferry that the son of heaven passes through. It is also called "Jingu" and "Jinmen".
Tianjin was inhabited by human beings in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but it was only later that it became a city. The opening of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty made Tianjin, which is located in the north of the canal and has convenient transportation between rivers and seas, increasingly important. The canal and the "Five Rivers at the Tail" (now Haihe River) meet at the Sanchahekou in the urban area, and Tianjin is famous as the "three major seaports" in history. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, Tianjin became a land and water terminal for transporting grain from south to north.
Tianjin was originally located in the ocean. More than 4000 years ago, under the action of the Yellow River sediment, it slowly emerged from the seabed and formed an alluvial plain. The Yellow River changed its course three times in ancient times and entered the sea near Tianjin, near Ninghe District 3000 years ago, near Huanghua County in the Western Han Dynasty and in the southern suburbs of Tianjin in the Northern Song Dynasty. In Jin Dynasty, the Yellow River moved south, the Huaihe River entered the sea, and the coastline of Tianjin was fixed.
development prospect
Tianjin Spatial Development Strategy puts forward the urban planning concept of "twin cities and Shuang Gang, relative expansion, one axis and two belts, and north-south ecology". Among them, "Twin Cities" refers to the central city of Tianjin and the core area of Binhai New Area; "Shuang Gang" refers to Tianjin Port and Tianjin South Port; "North and South" refers to the north-central and southern parts of the city; "Northern end" refers to the mountainous and hilly area in the northern part of Jizhou District.
The central city is the birthplace of Tianjin and the center of politics, culture, education, economy and commerce. According to the function of service industry, the central city is positioned according to the functions of "financial peace", "business west", "science and technology south", "gold trade east", "creative Hebei" and "business red bridge".
Binhai New Area is a sub-provincial area, a national new area and a national comprehensive reform experimental area under the jurisdiction of Tianjin. It is the gateway to the north, a high-level modern manufacturing industry and R&D transformation base, an international shipping center and logistics center in the north, and a livable ecological new city. It is formed by the integration of Tanggu District, Hangu District, Dagang District and Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone.
Modern Tianjin
Tianjin is located in the north of North China Plain, bordering Bohai Sea in the east and Yanshan Mountains in the north, between east longitude116 43' and north latitude1/8 04' and 38 34' and 4015'. The city center is located at east longitude 1 17 10' and north latitude 39 10'. Tianjin is located in the lower reaches of the Haihe River, across the banks of the Haihe River, with a length of 189km from north to south and a width of 1 17km from east to west. The land boundary is 1 137 km long and the coastline is 153 km long. It is the traffic throat of Beijing's railway to Northeast China and East China and the port of ocean transportation. It is known as the "river-sea hub" and the "gateway to Kyrgyzstan". The hinterland is vast, radiating to North China, Northeast China, Northwest China 13 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, and facing Northeast Asia externally. It is the largest coastal open city in northern China.
topography
The geological structure of Tianjin is complex, and most of it is covered by Cenozoic sediments. The terrain is dominated by plains and depressions, with low mountains and hills in the north, and the altitude gradually decreases from north to south. The highest in the north, with an altitude of1052m; The lowest in the southeast, 3.5 meters above sea level. The highest peak in the city: Jiushan Peak (elevation1078.5m). The general outline of the landform is high in the northwest and low in the southeast.
Tianjin has three kinds of topography: mountains, hills and plains, with plains accounting for about 93%. Except the mountainous area bordering the southern foot of Yanshan Mountain in the north, the rest are alluvial plains, and the mountainous area in the north of Jixian County is a low mountain and hill below 1000 meters above sea level. Near the mountain is an inclined plain composed of alluvial fans, which is fan-shaped The southern part of the inclined plain is alluvial plain, and the southeastern part is coastal plain.
Sanhe Island, the only registered island in Tianjin, is located in Beitang, an ancient town in Tianjin Binhai New Area. It is named after the intersection of Yongding New River, Chaobai River and Jiyun Canal.
Climatic characteristics
Tianjin is located in the north temperate zone, on the east coast of Eurasia in mid-latitude, and is dominated by monsoon circulation. It is an area where East Asian monsoon prevails, and belongs to warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate. Near Bohai Bay, the influence of marine climate on Tianjin is obvious.
The main climatic characteristics are: four distinct seasons, windy spring, drought and little rain; Summer is hot and the rain is concentrated; Autumn is cool and the temperature is moderate; Winter is cold, dry and snowy, so late spring, early summer and autumn are the best seasons to travel to Tianjin. In winter, there is a northerly wind in the west for half a day, with low temperature and little precipitation; In summer, the subtropical warm and high pressure in the Pacific Ocean is strengthened, with southerly winds as the main factor, high temperature and heavy precipitation. Sometimes there is a spring drought. The average annual temperature in Tianjin is about 14℃, and it is the hottest in July, with an average monthly temperature of 28℃. The highest temperature in history is 4 1.6℃. 1 is the coldest month with an average monthly temperature of -2℃. The lowest temperature in history is-17.8℃. The annual average precipitation is between 360 and 970 mm, and the average value of (1949-20 10) is about 600 mm.
hydrology
Tianjin straddles the Haihe River, which is the largest river in the north of China. There are more than 300 tributaries whose upstream length exceeds 10 km, and they flow into the North Canal, Yongding River, Daqing River, Ziya River and South Canal near the middle reaches. Five rivers flow into the Haihe River at Sanchakou near Tianjin Jingang Bridge and enter the sea from Dagukou. The main stream is 72 kilometers long, with an average river width of 100 meter and a water depth of 3-5 meters. Historically, this river was navigable for 3000 tons of seagoing ships.
natural resource
water resource
There are 19 first-class rivers flowing through Tianjin, with a total length of 1095.438+0 km. There are also six artificial rivers, including Ziya New River, Liu Du Reduction River, Machang Reduction River, Yongding New River, Chaobai New River and Returning Home New River, with a total length of 284.5438+0 km. There are 79 secondary rivers, with a total length of 1363.4km and deep canals 106 1, with a total length of 4578km. Tianjin has also transferred water from the Yellow River to Tianjin many times, and there is a certain amount of groundwater.
The Luanhe River Diversion Project is a large-scale water conservancy project built in Tianjin in 1980s, which transfers water to Tianjin and delivers water to Tianjin every year/kloc-0.00 billion cubic meters. Tianjin is rich in groundwater, karst fissure water in mountainous areas, with the best water quality and low salt content. The flow rate of spring water is generally 7.2- 14.6 tons/hour, and it can reach 720-800 tons/hour in rainy season. There are three large reservoirs in the city with a total storage capacity of 340 million.
land resources
202 1, 1, 1 Tianjin Third National Land Survey Leading Group Office, Tianjin Planning and Natural Resources Bureau and Tianjin Statistics Bureau jointly issued the main data bulletin of Tianjin Third National Land Survey, with 20 1 9+February 30th1as the standard time. The main land types are as follows: cultivated land 32,9561.50 hectares (4,943,400 mu), garden land 369 19.82 hectares (553,800 mu), forest land 1426 1.73 hectares (2,223,900 mu) Wetlands are 3,272,200 hectares (490,800 mu), towns, villages and industrial and mining areas are 3,322,457.78 hectares (4,983,700 mu), transportation areas are 452,953 hectares (679,400 mu), and water bodies and water conservancy facilities are 237,308.02 hectares (3,559,600 mu).
Biological resources
The vegetation in Tianjin can be roughly divided into coniferous forest, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, shrub grass, meadow, halophyte, swamp vegetation, aquatic vegetation, desert vegetation, plantation and farmland planting plants1/species.
As of September 2006, there are 497 species of wild animals in Tianjin, including 73 species of national key protected animals. Among the wild animals in the city, weasels, wolves and badger pigs account for 4 1 species, birds such as domestic swallows, sparrows and seagulls account for 389 species, amphibians such as toads account for 7 species, reptiles such as domestic snakes and turtles account for 4 1 species, and fish such as green eels account for 41species.
mineral resources
mineral
Up to 20 16, there are more than 20 kinds of metallic minerals, nonmetallic minerals and fuel minerals in Tianjin. Metal minerals and nonmetallic minerals are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas in northern Tianjin. Metal minerals mainly include manganese, boron, manganese, gold, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, zinc and iron, among which manganese and boron are not only discovered for the first time in China, but also rare in the world. Non-metallic minerals mainly include cement limestone, barite, stromatolite, marble, natural oilstone, purple mud and medical stone, all of which have high mining value.
Cement stone is the dominant mineral among nonmetallic minerals in Tianjin. There are five proven deposits in industrial reserve, and the ore bodies occur in the limestone of Tieling Formation in Jixian system of Mesoproterozoic, containing 48% ~ 50.7% Cao. The five proven deposits in industrial reserve are Dongying Fang, Zhuanshan, Tieling, Laohuding and Yushan, with proven reserves of 654.38+0.8 billion tons. Marl minerals have become an important resource of Tianjin cement industry.
The purple clay minerals in Jizhou area of Tianjin occur in the illite shale of Chuanlinggou Formation and Hongshuizhuang Formation in the middle and upper Proterozoic. Among them, the Yili shale of Chuanlinggou Formation is distributed in the first line from Xia Ying Town to Xiaogang Township, with a total length of 12km and a width of 2 km, with an exposed area of 24 square kilometers and an open-air reserve of 700 million tons. Illite in the two layers is a large clay deposit, which is a high-quality mineral raw material for purple sand pottery.
associated gas
The fuel mines in Tianjin are mainly buried in the plains and the continental shelf of Bohai Bay, with oil, natural gas and coalbed methane. Tianjin has two major oil fields, Bohai and Dagang, which are the key oil and gas fields developed by the state. The proven oil reserves are 4 billion tons, the oil field area is 100 square kilometers, the natural gas geological reserves are 150 billion cubic meters, and the coal field area is 80 square kilometers.
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geothermal resource
The geothermal resources in Tianjin belong to the medium-low temperature hot water geothermal in non-volcanic sedimentary basins. The water temperature is mostly between 30℃ and 90℃, which is characterized by shallow burial and good water quality. There are 10 geothermal anomaly areas with exploration, development and utilization value, covering an area of 2,434 square kilometers, and the total hot water reserves reach1136 million cubic meters, which is the largest medium-low temperature geothermal field in China so far.
Yuanhaiyangzi
Tianjin coastline is located in the west of Bohai Sea, starting from Qikou in the south and reaching Jianhekou in the north, with a length of 153 km. There are tidal flat resources, marine biological resources, seawater resources and marine oil and gas resources. The beach area is about 370 square kilometers, which has been developed and utilized. Marine biological resources, mainly plankton, swimming organisms, benthos and intertidal organisms. The seawater layer is a famous salt-producing area with high salt content since ancient times, and it has the largest salt field in China. Seawater desalination has great potential to solve the shortage of fresh water. Up to 20 16, 45 oil-bearing structures have been discovered, with considerable reserves.
The coastline of Tianjin is about153km long, and it has the most famous Luchang Yantian in China. In 2005, the annual output of crude salt was 2.3 million tons, accounting for110 of the national total sea salt production.