(For example, the municipal level issues it to the county level)
These include the number of cultivated land, the protection area of basic farmland, the scale of urban and rural construction land, the total scale of construction land, the scale of urban industrial and mining land, the scale of new construction land, the occupation of agricultural land and cultivated land by new construction land, etc.
The definition of tender and the definition and composition of tender are as follows:
1. The tender documents are compiled by the tendering unit or the design unit entrusted, and provide the bidders with the documents of the main technology, quality and time limit for the project. Bidding documents are legally binding and enforceable bidding behavior standard documents that all purchasers should abide by when bidding. Its logic is strong, and it cannot be inconsistent and ambiguous; Language should be concise and to the point. The tender is also the basis for the bidder to prepare the tender, and the bidder must make a substantive response to the contents of the tender, otherwise it will be judged as invalid tender (treated as invalid tender). Tender is also the most important basis for bid evaluation. Generally, there is at least one original and two or more copies of the tender.
Second, the tender can be divided into three parts: procedural terms, technical terms and commercial terms. Among them, it mainly includes the following nine items:
A. invitation to bid;
B. instructions to bidders;
C. technical requirements and accessories of the project subject to tender;
D. format of tender;
E. bid security documents;
F. Contract conditions (there are general terms and special terms in the contract);
G. technical standards and specifications;
H. qualification documents of the bidding enterprise;
First, the contract format.
General items and goods include the above parts.
Composition of land property right and power 1, land service life
After 1.988 1.3, if the land use right transfer contract is signed with the Bureau of Land and Resources in a paid way, the maximum land use period shall be implemented in accordance with state regulations:
Residential land: 70 years/industrial land: 50 years/educational, scientific, cultural, health and sports land: 50 years.
Land for commercial tourism and entertainment: 40/ other land for comprehensive developers: 50 years.
2. Building area
Refers to the sum of the horizontal projection areas in the periphery of the external wall (or column) of a building.
3. Indoor construction area
The building area calculated according to the interior (unit) of the house is the building area inside the door of the suite (unit), including the usable area, wall area and balcony area inside the suite (unit).
4. Public areas of the house
Refers to the use area of the main building outside the door, including the single garage, the equipment floor or technical floor with a height of more than 2.2m, indoor and outdoor buildings, stair overhanging platforms, internal and external corridors, foyer, elevator and machine room door bucket, column awning, staircase with a protruding roof, water tank room, elevator, etc.
5. Public building area
The construction area jointly occupied or used by all property owners refers to the indivisible construction area shared by all households except each set (unit).
Step 6 share common areas
Including indoor and outdoor stairs, internal and external corridors, public halls, passages, elevators, power distribution rooms, equipment floors, equipment rooms, structural transfer floors, technical floors, air-conditioning rooms, fire control rooms, guard rooms for duty guards serving the whole building, garbage rooms in the building, stairwells with protruding roofs, elevator rooms, water tank rooms, etc. Reduce the common area in the building area.
7. Calculation method of shared area for each set (unit).
Shared public building area of this suite (unit)
= usable area inside the set (set) × common area; The sum of the usable area of each suite (set).
8. Unallocated public areas
Public areas that cannot be shared include: motor vehicle garages, non-motor vehicle garages, public open spaces, urban public passages, arcades as public open building areas, and fire shelters; Power distribution rooms of multiple buildings; Civil air defense basement, underground garage, underground equipment room, etc. 9. Allocation method of housing public building area
Each household (or unit) should share the public building area according to the following principles:
(1), if there is a regional division document or agreement, it shall be calculated according to its document or agreement.
(2) If the document or agreement is not divided into areas, it shall be shared according to the proportion of its use area.
Namely: the shared public building area of each household.
Sum of construction area of each set (unit) × construction area of each set (unit)
What indicators need to be tested for the definition and calculation of soil physical properties? The difference between soil and parent material layer lies in morphology, physical characteristics, chemical characteristics and mineralogical characteristics. Due to the interaction of crust, water vapor, atmosphere and biosphere, soil layer is different from parent material layer. It is a mixture of minerals and organic matter, and exists in solid, gaseous and liquid state. Loose soil particles are bound together.
How is the price of an acre of land linked to the increase or decrease of land defined? Can local governments withhold land compensation? Hello! Local governments cannot withhold land compensation. If you are satisfied with my answer, please adopt it and give it a good comment. If you have any legal questions, you can come to my law studio for consultation. Your affirmation is the greatest encouragement to me!
For the definitions of land development, land reclamation and land consolidation, it is suggested that the landlord go to the Shandong Provincial Land and Resources Network or the Land Consolidation Office, and there should be a description of the relevant declaration procedures.
Rotation constitutes the definition of rotation (xuán) to rotation (Zhu m \u n). English: In a plane, the graph transformation that rotates a graph by an angle around point O is called rotation, point O is called rotation center, and the rotation angle is called rotation angle. If point p on the graph rotates to point P', then these two points are called corresponding points of this rotation.
nature
① The distance from the corresponding point to the center of rotation is equal.
② The included angle between the corresponding point and the connecting line of the rotation center is equal to the rotation angle.
③ The numbers before and after rotation are equal.
Three elements
① center of rotation;
② direction of rotation;
③ Rotation angle.
Note: As long as you arbitrarily change one of the three elements, the graphics will be different. Rotational transformation is to change from one figure to another. In the process of change, all points on the original graph change in the same direction and rotate at the same angle around a fixed point.
The definition, type and composition of portfolio 1, and the definition, origin, thought and significance of portfolio.
2. The basic data structure of the first type of portfolio.
3. Types of portfolio evaluation
4. Comparison between portfolio evaluation and traditional evaluation.
5. The standard, validity and reliability of portfolio evaluation.
6. Deployment and implementation of portfolio assessment
7. Application of portfolio evaluation in practical teaching.
8. Problems in portfolio evaluation
9. Architecture and function of portfolio evaluation management information system
-From the Knowledge Media Lab
1. Definition, origin, thought and significance of luggage.
1. 1 Definition of "portfolio":
There are many definitions of "portfolio", each with its own emphasis. The following are some typical definitions in my own understanding:
Definition 1:
A purposeful student homework collection bag shows students' efforts, progress and achievements in one or more fields. The collection bag must include:
① The portfolio must include students' participation in content selection;
(2) The portfolio must contain the criteria for selecting the works in the portfolio;
③ The criteria for judging the quality of works must also be included in the collection;
(4) The portfolio should also contain evidence of students' reflection.
-(Paulson, Paulson, Meyer 199 1)
Definition 2:
The student portfolio is a meaningful and purposeful collection of students' homework, which records the stories of students' efforts, progress and achievements in the hypothetical field.
A student portfolio is a collection of meaningful and purposeful students' works, which tells the students' efforts, progress and achievements in a specific field. )
Definition 3:
Portfolio assessment is a systematic and vertical collection of students' homework, which is carried out to meet special and well-known teaching objectives and evaluated by the same standard. Evaluation is done by measuring the individual's work, just as the portfolio is a whole, it opposes the special standards of matching goals for special purposes. Under the guidance and support of teachers, learners are responsible for creating folders, usually with the participation of peers and parents. The readers of the portfolio will evaluate it.
Definition 4:
Learning record-pay attention to the student's homework and his or her regular reflection on it. Materials can be collected by students or by them in cooperation with teachers and parents.
Portfolio evaluation
-This is a systematic attempt to show the progress of the whole process.
-gradually let students establish a sense of ownership.
-the sense of responsibility passed on to students.
-Promote self-evaluation and self-esteem.
-Provide a way in which teaching and evaluation are intertwined.
-Consider real-world experiences
-get rid of exam anxiety
-Consider child-centered teachers-One model is not suitable for everyone-Children without standards. Why do we assume that our evaluation of them is standard?
-Provide tools for communication between schools and parents.
Definition 5:
Portfolio is generally defined as "... a systematic and organized collection of evidence, which is used by teachers and students to monitor the growth of students' knowledge, skills and attitudes in a particular field. "
Definition 6:
The so-called portfolio is to accumulate students' learning by integrating individual projects, so as to record the reality of each lifelong student more clearly and comprehensively.
I think:
A more reasonable explanation of student portfolio is a file that records the history of students' learning and growth. It is the accumulation of various resources related to learners' learning and the evidence that affects students' learning and growth.
1.2. The origin of "portfolio"
The earliest practical example of applying Portfolio Assessments * * * ent to educational research is the "Zero Project" carried out by the School of Education of Harvard University. 1967, N. Goodman, a philosopher who was then a professor at Harvard University School of Education, launched an art education activity. By 1972, the "Zero Project" was inherited and developed by H Gardner, a famous psychologist who put forward the theory of "multiple intelligences", and its influence quickly spread to all countries in the world, not just the United States. As we all know, early standardized tests can only measure verbal intelligence and mathematical logic intelligence. In fact, in addition to these intelligences, humans also have a variety of intelligences such as using vision, using music, and interacting with people. This is Gardner's multiple intelligence theory. Gardner strongly advocated that all these intelligent development practices should be taken seriously, and called him "the education of understanding".
In the practice of "zero project", children pursue the goals set in a specific field and use a method called portfolio to evaluate their learning. This evaluation method not only looks at the final works, but also pays more attention to the development and understanding of learning. What the field suggests is that it can let students know what they should pursue and what they need. Portfolio evaluation pays special attention to students' strengths, weaknesses and behaviors that dare to challenge, emphasizes that evaluation and learning are inseparable and integrated, and pays attention to the gradual development and change of learning. Students use self-assessment to evaluate their enthusiasm for learning and engage in inventions and creations like real experts in activities.
To sum up, learning portfolio, as a method to evaluate students' learning process and results in Harvard University's art education project "Zero Project", has attracted the attention of education circles all over the world, but its earliest idea was put forward by American psychologist Gardner, the founder of "Zero Project", and his inspiration came from his long-term investigation of British education practice.
. 1.3. The concept of "portfolio"
1) Evaluation will embody the idea of cooperative teaching between teachers and students. Evaluation is an indispensable part of the whole teaching. After the paper and pen exams, the evaluation should also include the files of students' works, assignments and certificates.
2) The portfolio is a living and growing collection bag of students' works. Each item should be carefully selected by students, because they can explain their special reasons. The overall intention of portfolio is to let students show their learning and progress to others.
3) Portfolio assessment will be implemented in our classroom. It will be an evaluation method closer to our teaching type, and it will enable us to see a better and bigger blueprint for students' progress. Our goal is to make our students better responsible for their studies.
4) The materials collected in the whole learning process show the growth and progress of students. The materials and "stories" tell about the completion of students' various homework. A portfolio usually contains pieces of paper representing the progress of work, examples of students' best works, students' reflections on their own works and criteria for judging students' examples of works. Portfolio can be constructed in different ways according to the age/grade of students, the theme and purpose of portfolio. The goal of a portfolio will determine its content.
5) Evaluation portfolio, whether electronic or text-based, is used to prove students' learning and progress, just like it is used to determine their own goals and achievements. Technology is a powerful tool for using tools.
1.4. The significance of "portfolio evaluation"
1) Portfolio assessment can be implemented at many levels, from individualized classroom to national education. It has a far-reaching impact on the role change of evaluation in education. Teachers who use this strategy in the classroom have shifted their attention from comparing scores (grades, percentages, test scores) and are trying to improve students' grades by evaluating feedback and self-reflection.
2) The greatest value of portfolio is that students become active participants in the process of learning and evaluation by establishing portfolio. Portfolio can measure the progress of students after a period of accumulation. You can also record some special skills and other projects under different conditions.
3) Portfolio evaluation should be as close to teaching as possible. It ensures that you are measuring what you are teaching and reveals any weaknesses in teaching practice.
4) Portfolio assessment is naturally integrated into teaching. There is no time to lose any evaluation. Assessment is a real learning experience, not a process outside of learning.
5) Students' evaluation portfolio promotes students' enthusiasm for participation. When students create their own folders, they actively participate in and reflect on their own learning. The increasing diversity of cognition has a positive impact on students' self-confidence, which is conducive to the application of students' learning strategies and increases their ability to evaluate and modify their work. In this environment, students' motivation to continue their studies is constantly increasing.
6) Portfolio provides teachers and students with in-depth knowledge about students. In other words, teachers can teach students individually, strengthen weak links and establish areas that need to be mastered. Learners can control their own learning by participating in the process of exploring their own learning.
7) Portfolio evaluation shows students a form of evaluation. When more schools and regions adopt this portfolio evaluation, students will become more and more familiar with this evaluation method.
8) The use of portfolio gives teachers the opportunity to involve their parents in teaching. Parents' participation is an important factor for the success of education.
Portfolio has aroused great interest in recent years, and teachers have taken the lead in using it. Teachers integrate portfolio into teaching and evaluation, get the support of managers, and answer their own questions about portfolio evaluation just like students, managers and parents. Portfolio evaluation often focuses on reliability, validity, process, evaluation and time. These questions also apply to other assessment tools. No evaluation tool can achieve every teacher's goal well, which is completely credible and effective, does not need time to prepare, meets the requirements of managers and grades, and is suitable for every student's learning type. Different evaluation methods should be used selectively according to the specific teaching objectives and evaluation objectives.
2. The basic data structure of the first type of portfolio.
The basic structure of a typical portfolio mainly includes three parts. Namely:
Observation information group
Operational performance sample set
Examination information section
The following three groups are analyzed respectively:
2. 1 information data set
Students' daily study is collected through observation, which is generally collected by teachers. A typical portfolio usually includes three files that record observation information. Namely: observation record manual; Questionnaire; Teachers and students conversation record.
Observation and record manual: it is a method for teachers to record the most important things and behavior points of students every day with short passages. The contents of the record include: student's name, date, time, observation, observation place, observation events and behaviors. Generally, an observation record manual should be established for each student. It can also be said that it is an anecdote recording method in daily study.
Questionnaire: A recording method in which teachers prepare and design various expected learning behavior results in advance, and then observe students' behavior according to the table. We can simply judge the results of students' learning behavior according to the standard of dichotomy or trichotomy, or we can make a more complicated observation table system, divide the observation dimensions and determine the sampling form of time or place. It is more standardized and orderly to observe and record by questionnaire, but it is also easy to limit the ideas and forms of teachers' observation and become rigid. In the process of observation, the questionnaire only helps teachers to find and understand the problems and reasons encountered in the teaching process more easily, and provides a basis for improving teaching. So it is best to use it in combination with other observation methods.
Conversation record: The above two documents are the records of the indirect results obtained by the observers directly observing the learners. In the portfolio, observers and learners should also be placed to observe and discover some results of students' thoughts and behaviors through conversation, discussion and communication. The records obtained in this way are more purposeful and the information obtained is more comprehensive. Every communication and discussion is targeted. At the same time, observers can also collect students' past knowledge and experience, current understanding, learning methods, interests, concerns, learning desires and other information through purposeful dialogues and interviews.
With the continuous improvement of portfolio evaluation, more information may be added to the observation information group.
2.2 Operation performance of test piece group
1. Job 16. Observation table (individual and collective)
2. Teachers make small questions and questions 17. * Super cognitive activities
3. Project made by student partners 18. self-assessment
4. Group work 19. Letters from teachers and parents about the contents of folders.
5.* Learning record 20. A statement about future goals
6. Problem solving record 2 1. Free photos (no standard)
7.* Introspective study diary 22. A description of the completion of speeches, discussions and historical plays.
8. Regional design. Photos of planning forms designed by individuals and groups.
9. Writing activities. The reason and time for students to record events.
10. Draft 25. Computer table
1 1. Audio tapes of speeches, readings, singing, etc. 26. Experiments in the laboratory
The chart 12.* constitutes a sample of the artwork in Figure 27.
13. Meeting issues. Video recording of homework completion.
14. Attitude and Opinion Questionnaire
Dialogue with other students
Because many performance specimens are involved, the items marked with an asterisk are described in detail:
Introspective diary: it is the data collected by recording personal feelings, opinions and experiences about objective things in a subjective form.
Super-cognitive activity: Students' super-cognitive activity is a process of self-reflection on their own learning process and results, thus dominating their own behavior.
Homework performance: it is an evaluation to judge what students can really do. For example, the completion of chemical experiments, problem-solving methods, solo concerts, speeches, reading activities and so on. The works of these activities are used as evaluation materials and information.
Research Plan: This is an evaluation method used to diagnose the development of students' communication ability and problem-solving ability. He is embodied in individuals, groups, schools and families. Such as making models and maps, drawing and tabulating, taking photos, making movies, making TV and other activities.
Schema structure diagram: it is an evaluation method that shows children's skills in systematizing, comparing and classifying things and phenomena, and it is the intention of students' description.
2.3 Examination Information Group
The examination information group includes three aspects: first, simple evaluation questions; The second is a relatively large scene topic; The third is the long-term evaluation topic.
The exam information stored in the portfolio is different from the previous exam evaluation. Even if it is a simple evaluation, the time span is very long, paying attention to students' learning and effect in the process.
These three kinds of examination information are gradually expanding in terms of scale; In terms of time, it is gradually increasing; In terms of the flexibility of implementation, it is gradually decreasing. The following figure simply expresses their relationship, but it is for reference only.
A simple test to evaluate the topic.
Including open-ended topics, improving multiple-choice questions, making concept maps, etc.
Definition and relationship between engine index and effective index. The performance index of engine is used to characterize the performance characteristics of engine and serve as the basis for evaluating the performance of various engines. Engine performance indicators mainly include: dynamic indicators, economic indicators, environmental indicators, reliability indicators and durability indicators.
1. Dynamic index
Dynamic performance index is an index to characterize the engine's ability to do work. Generally, the effective torque, effective power and engine speed of the engine are used as evaluation indexes.
(1) effective torque
The torque output by the engine is called effective torque,
(2) Effective power
The effective work output by the engine per unit time is called effective power.
(3) Engine speed
The revolutions per minute of the engine crankshaft are called engine speed,
2. Economic indicators
Engine economy index is generally expressed by effective fuel consumption rate. The amount of fuel consumed by the engine per output1kw h is called effective fuel consumption rate.
3. Environmental indicators
Environmental protection indicators mainly refer to engine exhaust quality and noise level. Because it is related to human health and the living environment, in order to reduce the environmental pollution caused by engine exhaust and noise, all countries have formulated strict control laws and regulations. At present, emission index and noise level have become important performance indexes of engines.
The emission index mainly refers to the harmful emissions contained in the gas discharged from the engine oil tank and crankcase and the exhaust gas discharged from the cylinder. For gasoline engines, it is mainly the contents of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) in the tail gas; For diesel engines, it is mainly the content of nitrogen oxides (nitrogen oxides) and particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust gas.
Noise refers to the sound that adversely affects people's health and interferes with normal activities such as study, work and rest. Because the automobile is one of the main noise sources in the city and the engine is the main noise source of the automobile, it is very important to control the noise of the engine. According to China Noise Standard (GB/T 18697—2002), the noise of automobiles shall not exceed 79dB(A).
4. Reliability index and durability index
Reliability index is an index that indicates the ability of the engine to work normally and continuously within a specified time under specified use conditions. There are many methods to evaluate the reliability, such as the first failure mileage, the average interval between failures and so on. Durability index refers to the limit time when the main parts of the engine are worn out and can not continue to work normally.
This is really, really hard to earn!
How to define meteorological indicators: reference data released by meteorological departments for residents' production, life and travel according to meteorological forecasts. Including temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind power, solar radiation intensity and other related data.