Russell is a liberal, but his natural radical attitude and homosexual feelings towards all resistance behaviors make him deeply sympathetic to the socialist anti-poverty struggle, so his liberalism is not classical liberalism, but liberalism with strong socialist tendency. As a liberal, Russell insisted that the basic freedoms of individuals should not be violated.

He believes that the personal theory in practice includes two aspects: on the one hand, individuals should not be punished unless they pass due legal procedures; On the other hand, there should be a range in which individual activities are not controlled by the government. This scope includes freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and usually freedom of economic operation.

Russell admitted that these freedoms are limited, and even very important freedom of speech is based on not endangering national security. As for the freedom of economic operation, Russell is in favor of it within a certain range. He opposed the concentration of economic rights, whether in the hands of the state (Stalin model) or in the hands of cartels (imperialism).

At the same time, he hopes to impose strict restrictions on the ownership and use of private property. He doesn't object to the principle that a person should enjoy his own fruits, but he thinks it is unreasonable to inherit property. Even in the rare case of not relying on inheritance, he opposed the private ownership of large enterprises and land.

2. Philosophy

As a philosopher, Russell's thought experienced several stages, such as absolute idealism, logical atomism, new realism and neutral monism, and mainly contributed to mathematical logic, from which he established logical atomism and new realism, making him one of the founders of modern analytical philosophy.

3. Logic

As a logician, Russell has made great contributions to mathematical logic. Together with Whitehead, he wrote the book Principles of Mathematics, which is recognized as the basis of modern mathematical logic. His "Russell Paradox" promoted the development of logic in the 20th century, and his logicism also promoted the development of the history of mathematics to a certain extent.

4. Economy

Russell is one step ahead of Keynes, challenging the traditional economists who have always advocated thrift and opposed consumption. He wrote: "As long as a person spends his income on consumption, he also sends bread to other people's mouths. From this perspective, the real villain is a thrifty person. He thinks that "an abominable crime of thrift" will lead to unemployment.

Russell said that if thrifty people make good use of their money, even if it is used for drinking, gambling or entertaining friends, it is also an excellent thing. Those economics professors rashly described Russell's point of view as an absurd mistake made by a philosopher who deviated from his major and ignored it at all.

5. Education

Russell made great contributions to the development of educational theory. He pointed out: "Education should cultivate the desire to seek truth, rather than believing that a particular creed is truth." The educational method he advocated should be "less crash lectures, more discussions, more opportunities to encourage students to express their opinions, and more attempts to make educational content interesting to students".

For teachers, "not only should teachers not be required to express the same opinions, but this situation should be avoided as much as possible, because teachers' opinions are crucial to a sound education." He believes that education should not be credulous. He pointed out that such education, "after a period of time, will soon lead to ideological decay." "

In addition, he believes that sex education for teenagers plays a great role in education. He pointed out: "The traditional practice on youth's human nature will make people stupid, hypocritical and timid, and will also make a considerable number of people suffer from mental illness or similar diseases.

Sexual curiosity, like other kinds of curiosity, will soon disappear once it is satisfied. Therefore, the best way to prevent young people from being entangled in sexual problems is to tell them everything about sex as much as possible. "

Baidu Encyclopedia-Russell