Six nutrients: sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Three nutrients in human body: sugar, fat and protein.

43 main diseases caused by vitamin deficiency in human body

Lack of vitamin A: dry skin, night blindness (unclear at night), dry eye, etc.

Vitamin B 1 deficiency: neuritis, beriberi (vitamin B 1 deficiency), indigestion, loss of appetite, etc.

Lack of vitamin C: scurvy, decreased resistance, etc.

Lack of vitamin D: rickets, osteoporosis, etc.

Vitamin D can promote the absorption of phosphorus and calcium and bone development.

The composition of human digestive system. (Book P32 Diagram and P34 Explaining Graph)

The digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands.

The digestive tract is a long tube. Digestive glands can be divided into two categories:

Some are large digestive glands located outside the digestive tract, such as the liver, and some are small glands distributed on the wall of the digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.

Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

Starch, fat and protein in food are all organic substances with large molecules and complex structures. After entering the digestive system, they are gradually decomposed into simple materials before being absorbed by the human body. This process is called digestion. Digestion is mainly carried out through the action of various digestive enzymes. Besides salivary amylase in the mouth, there are many digestive enzymes in the stomach, small intestine and other organs.

Starch, maltose and glucose: fat, glycerol and fatty acids.

Protein amino acid

Food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids. Small intestine is the main organ for human body to absorb nutrition. After various nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and other places, they are transported to the whole body with the blood of internal blood vessels. The stomach can absorb water, inorganic salts and alcohol. The large intestine absorbs a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.

Salivary amylase that begins to digest oral sugar.

Stomach protein begins to digest pepsin.

Small intestine sugar, protein, fat, enzymes that can digest sugar, fat and protein.

Composition and function of blood

Blood consists of plasma and blood cells.

(1) plasma (morphology): After blood stratification, the upper layer is light yellow transparent liquid.

(Function): Carrying blood cells, transporting substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.

(2) Blood cells: including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

A. red blood cells: (morphology) after blood stratification, red blood cells are in the lower layer and are red. Mature red blood cells have no nucleus.

Places with high oxygen content are easy to combine with oxygen.

It is easy to be separated from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.

(Function): It has the function of transporting oxygen.

B. White blood cells: (morphology): nucleated and spherical. Function: defense and protection.

Features: White blood cells can penetrate the capillary wall, concentrate on the invasion site of germs, surround and devour germs.

C. Platelets: morphology: irregular shape, no nucleus. Function: It can stop bleeding and accelerate blood coagulation.

49 Structure and function of three kinds of blood vessels

Concept and function of vascular types.

Arteries carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The blood vessels are thick and elastic, and the blood flow velocity in the tubes is fast.

Veins carry blood from all parts of the body to the heart. The blood vessel wall is thin, the elasticity is small and the blood flow is slow.

Capillary connects at least the blood vessels between arteries and veins, and is the place where blood and intercellular substances exchange. The tube wall is thin and consists of a layer of epithelial cells, and the blood flow velocity in the tube is the slowest.

50 Structure and function of heart (P68 diagram)

The heart wall is mainly composed of myocardium, and the heart has four cavities: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. Only the ipsilateral atrium is connected to the ventricle (Figure P69). Aorta is connected with left ventricle, pulmonary artery is connected with right ventricle, there are valves between ipsilateral atrium and ventricle, and between ventricle and artery. These valves are one-way, and can only flow in one direction, but not in reverse.

5 1 human systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation (P70)

Systemic circulation: blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta, then through the arteries and capillaries of the whole body, and finally into the superior and inferior vena cava. The circulation flowing back to the right atrium passes through the systemic circulation, and the bright red arterial blood becomes dark red venous blood.

Pulmonary circulation: blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, then through the capillary network of the lung, and finally returns from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. After pulmonary circulation, dark red venous blood becomes bright red arterial blood again.

Distinguish arterial blood from venous blood

Arterial blood: rich in oxygen and bright red in color. Venous blood: low oxygen content, dark red color.

Blood transfusion, blood type and voluntary blood donation

It's time for blood transfusion, and the principle should be to input the same type of blood. (Table P76)

Blood type acceptable blood type convertible blood type

O A，AB

B B、O B、AB

AB A、B、AB、O AB

O O A、B、AB、O

A blood loss > 1200 ~ 1500ml: life-threatening.

> 800 ~ 1000 ml: dizziness, heartbeat, black eyes and cold sweat.

> 400 ml: the lost plasma components and blood cells will return to normal in a short time.

Since 1998, China has implemented a voluntary blood donation system to encourage healthy citizens aged 18~55 to donate blood voluntarily. Healthy adults donate 200 ~ 300ml of blood each time, which will not affect their health.

History review materials for the first semester.

1. Establishment of major dynasties

The founder of the dynasty was named the capital.

Sui Wendi Sui Wendi Chang 'an

Tang Liyuan Tang Gaozu Chang 'an (now Xi 'an)

Kublai Khan's Yuan Shizu Metropolis in Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing)

Zhu Mingyuan Zhang, Ming Taizu Yingtian, and Beijing.

Huang taiji of Qing dynasty in Beijing

2. Main political system

Three provinces and six departments: established in Sui and Tang Dynasties, including Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, among which Shangshu Province has six departments.

Examination system: a system of selecting officials through examinations founded by the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the main objects of imperial examinations were Ming Jing and Jinshi.

Provincial system: established in the Yuan Dynasty, the central government set up provincial libraries and local governments set up provincial libraries.

Factory Health Service: Established in Ming Dynasty, it mainly includes "Wei Jinyi" established by Ming Taizu and "East Factory" established by Ming Chengzu.

Eight-part essay selection: the imperial examination system in Ming dynasty, the examination scope is "four books and five classics", and the article is called "eight-part essay", which is very harmful to scholars.

Military Aircraft Division: The establishment of Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty was mainly to strengthen imperial power.

3. Famous prosperous times and emperors

The Rule of Zhenguan: The Legacy of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong: Wu Zetian Kaiyuan Shi Sheng: The Decline and Glory of Emperor Xuanzong in the Early Years of Tang Dynasty: Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong.

4. Three poets in Song Dynasty and their representative works

Su Shi: Nian Nujiao. Red Cliff Nostalgia, Mink Head. When did the moon begin to appear?

Li Qingzhao: Like a dream. Last night, the rain suddenly dispersed and the sound slowed down. Looking for it.

Xin Qiji: Bodhisattva Xia. Write a wall in Jiangxi province; Break the front line. Look at the sword with a lamp drunk.

5. Four great inventions:

Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass

6. Four classic novels and authors

Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Luo Guanzhong), Water Margin (Shi Naian), The Journey to the West (Wu Cheng'en) and Dream of Red Mansions (Cao Xueqin).

7. People and achievements

Li Chun. Bi Sheng, Zhao Zhouqiao. Movable type printing Sun Simiao. Sima guang recorded the powder formula. Purple tongzhi sword hall Han Qing. Yuan.

Li Shizhen: Compendium of Materia Medica; Song Ying Xing: Tiangong Kaiwu; Zheng He: Seven voyages to the West.

8. Textbook problem solving

1) Why did the Sui Dynasty unify the north and the south? P 1

A:

2) The poet in the Tang Dynasty said, "The death of Tao Sui is a river, and it has traveled thousands of miles since then. If there is no water temple dragon boat, it is indispensable. " Do you agree with this statement? Please tell me your reasons. P3

Answer: ① I agree. The excavation of the Grand Canal has played a great role in economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South and consolidated national unity, and it is also beneficial today. ② No, after the Grand Canal was dug, the tyranny embodied in Xiajiangdu led to the rapid demise of Sui. (Choose an answer from ① and ②)

3) Compare the Sui Dynasty with the Qin Dynasty to see what similarities they have. P4

A: ① ② All of them have formed far-reaching systems, such as the county system in the Qin Dynasty and the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty. (3) World-famous projects have been built, such as the Great Wall of Qin and the Grand Canal of Sui. (4) Everything perished because of tyranny.

4) The imperial examination system provides opportunities for ordinary intellectuals to be officials and participate in politics. Talk about your views on learning and being an official.

A: ① The positive side of the imperial examination system provided opportunities for scholars to become officials. But it is convenient for rulers to control intellectuals and make them slaves, which is not conducive to the development of the country, economy and science and technology.

5) Talk about your views on the change of Xuanwu people. P6

A: ① It is a struggle for power and interests within the royal family; (2) It embodies Li Shimin's extraordinary military and political talents, and shows that he is the leader of the people. (3) It prevented the division within the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty, and laid the foundation for stabilizing the political situation and unifying the whole country in the future.

6) think about it. What other stories do you know about Tang Taizong's appointment of capable ministers? What can we learn from it? P7

7) According to historical records, Emperor Taizong was overjoyed to see the new Jinshi filed out. "All the heroes in the world have fallen into my trap!" What fact do you think this sentence reflects? P8

A: The imperial examination system provides intellectuals with opportunities to participate in politics and serve as officials, but it represents the system of selecting officials of the landlord class and serves the rulers.

8) What is "the rule of Zhenguan"? How did the situation of "Zhenguan rule" emerge? P9

9) Discuss why there are wordless tablets in front of Wu Zetian's tomb. Tell me your theory. P 12

10) what are the common characteristics of early employment of Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong? P 13

1 1) Do you think, why didn't Emperor Taizong kill Jie Li Khan, but gave him preferential treatment? P 17

12) In-laws are an important form of friendly exchanges between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities. Think about it, apart from Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng, which other Han princesses in history have married the leaders of frontier ethnic minorities? P 19

13) What contribution has Jian Zhen made to Sino-Japanese friendship? What do you feel most from his deeds? P23

14) Do you know the story of Tang Priest's Buddhist scriptures? Please talk about the connection and difference between this story and historical facts. P24

15) Why was there an unprecedented situation in foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty? P25

16) What do Zhongxin and Xuanzang have in common? P25

Observe the Zhao Zhouqiao diagram and tell me what its characteristics are. P26

18) Printing was once known as the "mother of civilization" of mankind. Imagine if there were no printing, what difficulties would our study and cultural life have? P27

19) What are the noble medical ethics in Sun Simiao? What are his ideas about health preservation worth inheriting and carrying forward? P29

20) What were the leading scientific and technological achievements in the Sui and Tang Dynasties? P29

1300 years later, Zhao Zhouqiao still stands tall. Think about it, what is the value of its existence today? P30

22) What are the characteristics of Li Bai's and Du Fu's poems? What other poems have you read? P32

23) Considering the local natural and geographical conditions, what are the reasons why the murals in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are still well preserved after more than 1000 years? P33

24) List the major literary and artistic achievements in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. P35

25) What is the significance of unifying the Central Plains and the South in the Northern Song Dynasty? P42

26) think about it. What contribution did Liao and Xixia make to the development of China history? P44

27) What enlightenment did you get from the victory of the defending war in Tokyo to the occurrence of the "Jingkang Change"? P46

28) On the stone pillar in front of Yue Fei's tomb, there is a pair of couplets: "Good and evil are the same as ice and charcoal since ancient times. Now, let's evaluate their names." What does this mean? What does this mean? P48

29) Think about it, what are the world-leading achievements of handicraft industry in Song Dynasty? P5 1

30) When will the economic center of gravity move south? What is the reason for moving south? P54

3 1) The earliest paper money appeared in the Song Dynasty. What are the advantages of paper money compared with metal money? P54

32) Genghis Khan is known as "a generation of tianjiao". Do you think it's appropriate? Please explain the reason. P55

33) Discuss, what is the historical significance of the unification of the Yuan Dynasty? P58

34) Briefly describe the reasons and manifestations of great ethnic integration in Yuan Dynasty.

Political review materials

Lesson 1 Theme: Self-esteem

1, self-esteem performance-P4

2, the meaning of self-esteem-P5 (the first paragraph)

3, the role of self-esteem-P5 second paragraph

4. How can we realize self-esteem in the face of shortcomings-P6 (first paragraph)

5, the relationship between shame and self-esteem-P6 (paragraph 2)

6, excessive shame is inferiority P7 (the first paragraph)

7, how to deal with shortcomings-p7 (second paragraph)

8. What is vanity (the performance of people with strong vanity and the causes of vanity) -P8

9. Why to respect others is to respect yourself-P9-p 10 (P9, para. 2, p 1 0, p1,para. 2, para. 3).

10, the importance of maintaining individuality -P 12

1 1. Why is self-esteem so open-minded? ① tolerate people with different personalities; ② Correctly treat criticism and discussion; ③ Moderate self-esteem.

12, how to treat people with different personalities -P 13

13, treat criticism and arguments correctly -P 14 (paragraph 2)

14, why should self-esteem be moderate-p14 (paragraph 3)

15, respect the basic performance of others-p15 (the first paragraph: divided into points ①, ② and ③)

16, how to respect others -P 15 (second paragraph: divided into two points)

17, how to appreciate and accept others -P 15 (third paragraph)

18, How to respect the personality of others (how not to do things that hurt others' personality) -P 16 (first paragraph)

Lesson 2 theme: self-confidence

1, what do you mean I can do it-p18 (first paragraph)

2, the meaning of confidence-p 21

3, the misunderstanding of self-confidence and conceit-P 21(the first paragraph)

4, the difference between inferiority and self-confidence-P 21(second paragraph)

5. Why inferiority and conceit are misunderstandings about self-confidence (the difference between conceit, inferiority and self-confidence) -P22 (the first paragraph)

6. Why self-confidence is the cornerstone of success (why self-confidence can succeed)-P23 (first paragraph)

7. Why inferiority and conceit are far from success-P24

8. How to understand the optimistic, curious and attentive qualities of confident people-P25 (1,paragraphs 2 and 3 are divided into ① optimism, ② curiosity and ③ concentration)

9. What psychological qualities do confident people have that contribute to success?

10, the basic method of building self-confidence-p28 (the first paragraph)

1 1, how to find your own strengths -P28

12, how to treat failure -P29 (second half of the first paragraph)

13, the relationship between national confidence and personal confidence -P30 (the first paragraph)

14, How to be a confident China person -P30-P3 1

15, the method of building self-confidence is divided into three points: ① seeing progress and strengths; ② Enhance confidence and strength; ③ Enhance national self-confidence.

Lesson 3 Theme: Self-reliance

1, the meaning of self-reliance -p34

2. Self-reliance-P35

3. Why do people need to stand on their own feet in life (the necessity of standing on their own feet)-P36-P37 (P36 is divided into two sections and P37 is divided into three points: ①, ② and ③).

4, the relationship between self-reliance and personal growth -P39

5, the harm of dependence-P40

6. How can we say goodbye to dependence (the key to self-reliance) -P4 1

7. What is autonomy-P42?

8. How to be an independent person-P42 (Note: There are three points: ① You can't follow others; (2) you can take responsibility for yourself; (3) you can stand on your own feet in life)

9, how to cultivate self-reliance ability-P43-P44 (divided into two points)

Lesson Four Theme: Self-improvement

1, the meaning of self-improvement-P47 (second sentence of the first paragraph)

2, the main performance of self-improvement-P48 (the first sentence of the first paragraph)

3. The significance of self-improvement spirit-P48 (divided into two points: ① individual ② country)

Self-improvement plays an important role in success.

5. Significance and consequences of waiver -P50 (second paragraph)

6. Ideal function -P5 1

7. Why self-defeating is the key to self-improvement-P53-P54 (divided into two parts, the first paragraph of p53 and the second paragraph of P54)

8. How to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses-P55 (divided into two points, the first paragraph of P54 and the second half of the second paragraph)

9. How can we cultivate the spirit of self-improvement (the cultivation method of self-improvement spirit)? It is divided into four points: ① set a firm receiving target; 2. Overcome yourself; The key to self-improvement; ③ foster strengths and avoid weaknesses; It is also a shortcut to self-improvement.

Review geography in the first semester

Section 1 Asia and Europe

Asia and Europe

Geographical location of Asia 1: Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean on three sides, Europe in the west, Africa in the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait in the east. .

Asia is the largest continent in the world.

The climate is complex and diverse, with typical monsoon climate in the east and south.

There are many rivers, most of which originate from the central plateau and mountainous areas and flow radially into the sea along the terrain.

The most populous continent in the world.

6. The terrain is dominated by plateau mountains.

Geographical location of Europe 1: Europe borders on the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

The terrain is mainly plain, which is the continent with the lowest average elevation in the world.

3 belongs to a typical temperate maritime climate.

The continent with high population density and the lowest natural population growth rate.

Key points of knowledge:

1, "Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place where the sun rises in the east; Europa: the place of sunset in the west.

The continental parts of Asia and Europe combined to form Eurasia. Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean on three sides, Europe in the west, Africa in the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait in the east. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

2. Population and countries in Asia: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2000, accounting for about 60% of the world's total population. Most countries in the world with a population of over 1 100 million are in Asia.

Section 2 Africa

Geographical location of Africa: the continent with the largest number of countries in the world, Africa is located in the western part of the Eastern Hemisphere and crosses the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary.

The terrain is mainly plateau, which is called "plateau continent"

This hot climate is called "tropical continent"

There are many kinds of natural resources and large reserves, which are called "rich continent"

The natural population growth rate ranks first in the world.

Supplement: Climate characteristics: high temperature; A vast arid area; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south.

Key points of knowledge:

1 The continent with the largest number of countries: "Africa" is a "scorching sun". Africa is located in the western part of the old hemisphere, across the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary. There are 54 independent countries in Africa, the largest number in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau, which is called "Plateau continent".

The Sahara Desert, located in the north of Africa, is the largest desert in the world, accounting for about the whole continent.

Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the largest arid area in the world.

Rich in resources: Africa has a vast territory and rich and diverse products, and is known as the "rich continent". The reserves and output of diamonds, gold, chromite and phosphate are among the highest in the world.

Section 3 America

United States of America

land

North America: The terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: high mountains in the west, vast plains in the middle and low highlands in the east.

South America: The west is the longest Andes in the world, and the east is the largest Amazon plain and the largest Brazilian plateau in the world.

air

North America: The climate is complex and diverse, mainly temperate continental climate and sub-frigid coniferous forest climate.

South America: The tropical climate is dominant, and the tropical grasslands and rainforests have a vast climate area.

famous book

The United States and Canada in North America are developed countries.

The American region south of the United States is called Latin America, all of which are developing countries.

belong to

North America: The residents are mostly white, mainly descendants of British and French immigrants.

South America: Most of them are mixed-race, so they are called "the melting pot of world races".

Key points of knowledge:

1 America: "New World": America is short for "America".

The natural environment between north and south is different: the average elevation in North America is relatively high, and the terrain fluctuates greatly. The terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the west is a tall mountain system, the middle is a vast plain, and the east is a low highland.

Chapter II Understanding the Region

Section 1 Southeast Asia

east

south

The location and scope are located in Southeast Asia.

Located at the intersection of Asia and Oceania, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Include zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

land

Indo-China Peninsula: The surface morphology with crisscross mountains and rivers and vertical distribution.

Malay archipelago: rugged terrain and numerous mountains.

river

The great rivers in Indochina Peninsula flow from north to south: rich hydraulic resources; Downstream: alluvial plain formed.

The rivers in the Malay Archipelago are short and fast.

air

Indian zhina Peninsula is mainly influenced by tropical monsoon.

The Malay archipelago is mainly a tropical rain forest.

Rich products, food crops: rice.

Cash crops: rubber, oil palm, coconut, etc.

Oil and tin

The area with the largest concentration of overseas Chinese

Key points of knowledge:

1 Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indochina Peninsula is high and steep, which is connected with the mountains and rivers of China. Mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface form with alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. Malay Archipelago is the general name of more than 20,000 islands scattered between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most islands in the Malay archipelago are rugged, with many mountains and rivers, and few plains and swift rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country". Japan is called "the country of earthquakes"

Malacca Strait: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and is an important hub for world shipping and air transportation.

Rich in minerals: natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and other tropical cash crops are important producing areas in the world. The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world. The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world. Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world.

The largest settlement of overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

Section 2 South Asia

Location and scope of South Asian subcontinent: South Asia subcontinent: South Asia is a vast area between the central and western parts of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a total area of about 4.3 million square kilometers.

The northern part of the terrain is the Himalayas.

In the middle are the Indus Plain and the Ganges Plain.

In the south is Deccan Plateau.

Indus River

Ganges

Most of the climate belongs to tropical monsoon climate

Religious Buddhism: Sri Lanka, Bhutan

Hinduism: India, Nepal

Islam: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives

Key points of knowledge:

1 South Asian subcontinent: South Asia is a vast area between the central and western parts of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a total area of about 4.3 million square kilometers.

Two regions: Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau.

3 A year is divided into three seasons: March-May is the hot season; June-10 is the rainy season; The cool season is 1 1 until February of the following year.

4 religion and society: Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam in Pakistan.

5 Population and economy: South Asia is one of the densely populated areas in the world, with a population of about 65.438+0.3 billion, accounting for 654.38+0.5 of the world population.

Section 3 West Asia

western

Sub-geographical location: Located in the Mediterranean Sea, a land of five seas and three continents. Black sea; Caspian sea; Red sea; Arabian sea. Asia; Africa; Europe

Climate and agricultural development are dominated by tropical desert climate, with climate characteristics: dry heat, drought and little rain.

Mainly develop animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture.

Population and religion: the main residential areas of Arabs in the world.

The birthplace of Christianity, Islam and Judaism-Jerusalem

Two religious cities: Mecca and Jerusalem.

Distribution of world oil treasure house: Persian Gulf and its coastal areas.

Major oil producers: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq.

Mainly exported to countries and regions: western Europe, the United States, Japan.

Important output routes: there are three, you should review them in the book yourself.

Knowledge focus:

1 Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment: crops need water for irrigation, especially in Israel.

2 Arab countries: Religion: Jerusalem, the holy land of Christianity, Judaism and Islam.

3 World oil treasure house: accounting for 25% of the world's total output. Shipped out through the Persian Gulf.

Last semester focused on reviewing: 1. Main tropical climate types: 1. The tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, with high temperature and rainy all year round. 2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. It is hot all year round, with obvious dry season and rainy season. 3. The tropical monsoon climate is most obvious in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula in the south and southeast of Asia. This climate is hot all year round, and a year can also be divided into dry season and rainy season, and the wind direction changes with the seasons. In dry season, the wind blows from land to sea, and there is little rain; In the rainy season, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, and the precipitation is concentrated. 4. The tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the west coast and inland areas of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer. This climate is characterized by scarce precipitation, hot and dry all year round, and a large desert on the ground.

Second, the main temperate climate type: 1, temperate and subtropical monsoon climate is distributed in eastern Asia. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry. Roughly bounded by the isotherm of 65438+ 10, the average temperature in June is 0℃, with temperate monsoon climate in the north and subtropical monsoon climate in the south. 2. The Mediterranean climate is mainly located in the middle and low latitudes on the west coast of the mainland, with the most distribution along the Mediterranean coast, hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter. 3. Temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in mid-latitude inland areas, with intense heat in winter, great temperature change, less precipitation and concentrated in summer. 4. The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, which is the most widely distributed in western Europe, mild and rainy, and the annual changes of temperature and precipitation are relatively small.

Well, I finally finished reading it. I hope my work has not been in vain. I wish you good results in the exam! ! ! ! ! ! ! !