First, why do you need training? 1. Blasting operation belongs to a special industry. The blasting equipment used in the operation process is very destructive and dangerous. The final result of the operation may also cause injury. Safety accidents often occur during blasting construction, most of which are caused by human error or illegal operation. Characteristics of blasting operation: (1) Danger: the blasting equipment used in the operation process is dangerous, and the final result of the operation may also cause harm. (2) Time limit: clearly stipulate the transportation route and time of blasting equipment and the initiation time of blasting operation, which is generally not allowed to be changed. It was an accident that the gun was not fired on time. (3) Integrity: Blasting operation is a complete system consisting of the design, organization, construction, transportation, inspection and management of blasting equipment, and there can be no omissions in any link. 2. The Law on Safety in Production clearly stipulates the education and training of safety in production: Article 23 Before taking up their posts, special operators of production and business units must receive special safety training in accordance with state regulations. Article 50 Employees shall receive education and training in production safety, master the knowledge of production safety required by their own work, improve their skills in production safety, and enhance their abilities in accident prevention and emergency handling. Therefore, in order to reduce the occurrence of blasting construction accidents, improve the safety of blasting operation, abide by national laws and regulations, and ensure the safety of blasting workers and national collective property, it is necessary to carry out blasting safety training and education for relevant personnel engaged in blasting operation. Three. Danger factors existing in blasting operation When engineering blasting is carried out, it is accompanied by certain blasting vibration, flying rocks, toxic gas and noise, which brings certain harm to surrounding buildings, personnel, equipment and facilities. 1. Blasting vibration: Because some explosion energy is converted into seismic waves during blasting, buildings, personnel, equipment and facilities may be affected or even destroyed, especially in the case of nearby buildings, thick weathered layer in hole piles, complex strata and low quality retaining wall, how to effectively reduce vibration is the most important factor to ensure blasting safety. 2. Blasting flying stones: The hazards of blasting flying stones are related to the surrounding environment of the project, and it is easy to cause direct harm to people, vehicles, facilities and buildings. 3. Toxic gas: When the hole pile is deep, the harmful gas formed after blasting is easy to accumulate in the pile, which is harmful to human body. Therefore, a certain time interval should be reserved after blasting and before slag removal, and ventilation should be carried out in some cases. 4. Noise: Because the blasting object is soft-medium rock and the blasting type is strengthening loosening, in order to reduce the possibility of disturbing people, the orifice sealing should be strict. Types and distribution of main hazard sources (points) in blasting construction If blasting operation and misfire are not handled properly, and blasting equipment is not managed properly, it may lead to blasting casualties, direct casualties, and secondary accidents such as splashing and rock impact. The main hazard source is the blasting warning zone; Fire area; Arrive at the blasting site within the specified waiting time after blasting; The blasting site exceeds the prescribed dosage; The structure, position and direction can't prevent the injury of flying stones; Special warehouses and storerooms for storing blasting equipment; Failing to check the storage location of blasting equipment returned to the library in time; Adjacent to quarries and other areas that may be endangered by blasting operations. Four. Accident type 1. Types of tunneling blasting accidents: ① accidents caused by unqualified blasting equipment: premature explosion; B late explosion; C fire. ② Explosive explosion accident: unstable explosion propagation; B gas explosion; C coal dust explosion. ③ Accidents caused by improper design: a. Improper cutting; B the auxiliary eye is too large; C resistance line is too large or too small; D drilling angle is not suitable. ④ The warning distance is not enough when shooting: a boundary point and distance are not suitable; B don't inform the adjacent working face; C the ventilation time after shooting is not smoky enough. ⑤ Management of blaster (keeper) :⑤Improper operation: improper stemming method; B improper connection. 2. Preventive measures for tunneling blasting accidents: ① Reasonable selection of blasting equipment: a. Selection of suitable blasting equipment according to geological conditions: a. Three different detonators cannot be mixed; B. If there is danger of gas and coal dust explosion, millisecond blasting shall be adopted, and the longest delay shall be controlled within 130ms, and permissible explosives in coal mines shall be selected; B. Choose explosives with different uses according to different situations: ② Repeated scrutiny and improvement of blasting design: A lithology; Geological changes adjust blasting parameters. (3) Strengthen safety supervision and management, and carry out blasting operations correctly: a, one shot and three inspections; B three continuous shooting; C. put the police in place according to regulations; D ensure the ventilation time after shooting. V. Safety Management of Blasting Construction 1, Safety Technical Disclosure 1) Units that use blasting equipment must be examined and approved by the superior competent department, and must apply to the local county and municipal public security bureau for a "permit for the use of explosives" with documents and safety operation procedures that explain the location, name, quantity, use and proximity of blasting equipment. 2) Blasting operations must be carried out by qualified blasters. 3) The safety management of explosives shall be the responsibility of * * * * in charge of each unit that produces, stores, sells, transports and uses explosives. 4) Units that store, transport and use blasting equipment, when setting up special warehouses and storage rooms for blasting equipment, must apply to the local county and municipal public security bureaus for permission with the documents, design drawings and full-time keeper registration forms approved by the competent departments at or above the county level. After examination, if it meets the specified requirements, a storage license shall be issued before explosives can be stored. 5) Units that use blasting equipment, when temporarily storing blasting equipment, should choose a safe and reliable place to store it separately, designate a special person to look after it, and report it to the local county and municipal public security bureau for approval. Temporary small custody, to the local police station for the record. If there is no police station, it shall be filed with the Township People's Government. 6) The blasting construction unit and the construction unit shall issue the construction notice and the initiation notice to the units and residents near the blasting area before the construction and 7 days before the initiation, respectively. The contents of the notice shall include: (1) project name, project design unit, construction unit and cooperative unit, project leader, etc. (2) Blasting site, initiation time, warning range, warning signs, various signals and their significance, as well as the way, time and safety measures of sending signals and other relevant matters needing attention. 7) During charging and filling, personnel irrelevant to blasting operation are prohibited from entering the site. Clear warning signs should be set at the boundary of blasting danger zone. 30 minutes before initiation, all passages entering the blasting danger zone must be guarded by special personnel. 8) During blasting operation, the blasting safety operation procedures must be observed. There must be a special person in charge of the command; Set up warning posts and signs at the boundary of dangerous areas; Signal before blasting, and the personnel in the dangerous area can be evacuated to a safe place before blasting. After blasting, the site must be inspected and the warning signal can only be issued after it is confirmed to be safe. 9) For large-scale blasting operations or controlled blasting operations near towns and other residential areas, scenic spots and important engineering facilities, the construction unit must report the blasting operation plan to the competent department at or above the county level for approval in advance, and obtain the consent of the local county and municipal public security bureau before blasting operations can be carried out. 10) When using blasting equipment, a strict system of receiving and returning must be established. Blasters must be approved by the team leader or the person in charge of the site to receive blasting equipment, and the quantity received shall not exceed the quantity used on duty, and the rest shall be returned on the same day. 1 1) It is forbidden for non-blasters to carry out blasting operations. 12) Blasting is prohibited under any of the following circumstances: (1) There is danger of roof or slope collapse; (2) the channel is unsafe or blocked; (3) The gas in the working face exceeds the limit, the borehole temperature is abnormal or there is danger of water gushing; (4) without effective protective measures, endangering the safety of equipment or buildings; (5) There is no warning at the boundary of the danger zone; (6) insufficient light or no lighting; (7) Ground or underwater blasting in fog, dusk and night; (8) Thunderstorm or stormy days; (9) Workers wear chemical fiber clothes. 13) The blasting operation shall be carried out in strict accordance with the Regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC) Municipality on the Administration of Civil Explosives and related specifications. 2, safety precautions 1) must accept safety technical disclosure, in strict accordance with the blasting safety regulations and disclosure requirements. 2) Blasting early warning and signal (1) signals are divided into early warning, initiation and disarming signals. After hearing the warning signal, all personnel (except the blasting personnel) should evacuate to the safety cordon according to the designated route, and can enter the job site only after hearing the lifting signal. (2) After the initiating explosive device arrives at the job site, the alarm should be started. Alert personnel should immediately send an early warning signal, arrive at the designated place and stick to their posts. After the charge is completed, the blasting personnel shall promptly notify the alert personnel to release the initiation signal and evacuate to a safe area. After the initiation is completed, only after the explosion is checked and confirmed that there is no problem can the alert personnel be notified to release the release signal and disarm the alert. 3. The blasting equipment shall meet the following requirements: (1) Handling blasting equipment shall be handled with care, and explosive charges shall not be collided. ⑵ The explosive detonators at the site should be placed separately, and the electric detonators should be placed in special explosion-proof boxes, and supervised by designated personnel. 4. When charging (1) blastholes, medicines and snake eyes, wooden or bamboo gun sticks should be used. ⑵ Primary explosive and high-sensitivity explosive should not be thrown, and effective measures should be taken after the primary explosive is loaded to prevent the subsequent cartridge from directly hitting the primary explosive. (3) When the charge is blocked, the nonmetallic long rod can be used for treatment before the detonator and primary explosive are released. After loading the primary explosive, you must not use any tools to hit or squeeze it. 5. Filling (1) Blast holes shall not be filled with stones and combustible materials, but underwater blast holes can be filled with gravel residue. (2) When filling the horizontal hole and upward hole, the wooden wedge should not be directly filled in the section from the initial charge or the initial charge to the orifice. (3) Do not tamper with the packaging material of the charge or influence the initial charge with the packaging material. 6. Check before starting. Before initiation, nonel tube or nonel tube shall not be connected to the special initiator, and the initiation network shall be carefully checked. 7. Post-explosion inspection requirements (1) Short-hole blasting in the open air, blasting for more than 5 minutes, allowing inspectors to enter the blasting operation site; If you can't confirm whether there is blind shooting, wait 15min before entering the explosion area for inspection. ⑵ The blasting time of open-pit deep holes and drug pot snake holes should be longer than 15 minutes before inspectors can enter the blasting area. (3) Inspectors should report or deal with the danger of blind fire in time; Before treatment, danger signs should be set up at the scene, and corresponding safety measures should be taken, and irrelevant personnel should not be near. 3. The responsibility of the blaster is 1. Take good care of the collected blasting equipment, and shall not be lost or given to others, destroyed or used for other purposes without authorization; 2. Carry out blasting operation according to the blasting instruction sheet and the blasting design regulations; 3, strictly abide by the blasting safety regulations and safety operation procedures; 4. Check the working face after blasting, and report or deal with unsafe factors such as misfire in time; 5. After the blasting, all the remaining blasting equipment shall be returned to the blasting equipment warehouse in time and recorded. Safety precautions for construction accidents caused by intransitive verbs blasting (I) Safety management measures Use special transport vehicles, arrange driving routes in advance, and deal with emergencies during the journey. Explosives and detonators are packaged separately and placed in special detonator boxes. The stacking height of finished explosive boxes should be controlled to prevent collapse; When the vehicle is turned off and the initiating explosive device brakes into the job site, other operations should be stopped. When personnel are evacuated to gas, coal dust or other explosive dangerous places outside the warning line, nonel tubes are strictly prohibited. Electric detonators should avoid places with current, such as high-voltage lines, transformers, radio and television transmitting stations, mobile phone signal transfer stations, etc. When in use, make a phone call, use a walkie-talkie and control the dosage electronically according to the design requirements. The gun stick is made of wood and bamboo, and the hole is blocked according to the regulations after charging. Don't let your guard down, wait for 15 minutes, check with 1 person, turn off the detonator, pull out the key, pull out the bus, make a short connection, and lift the detonator; Hydro-wet method and sympathetic explosion method are adopted for treatment; Don't blow, pull or drill the original hole. DTH drill is installed on the flat and hard ground with firm support; Turn off the machine when replacing the drill pipe; Pay attention to abnormal sound when drilling (II) Safety technical measures (1) The transportation, storage, processing, on-site charging, online initiation and misfire treatment of blasting materials must comply with the relevant provisions of the Blasting Safety Regulations (GB6722-20 14). (2) All blasting operations in the hole shall be under unified command. Before blasting, the dispatcher shall notify the personnel and vehicles in the affected adjacent working faces to evacuate to a safe distance, generally not less than 200m from the blasting working face. (3) When blasting, disconnect all power supply and lighting lines, or move all power supply and lighting lines to a place not less than 50m away from the blasting point. (4) Make clear the shooting time and times every day according to the construction situation. Before blasting, blasting personnel should strictly check the blasting network to ensure a successful blasting. 5] Charge blasting is strictly prohibited in the following situations: insufficient lighting; The broken rocks in the working face are not supported; It is found that there may be high-pressure water and mud spouting. [6] After blasting, ventilation and smoke exhaust must be carried out, and the interval between them shall not be less than 15 minutes, and check whether there are any residual explosives or detonators; Whether there are loose stones; Whether the bracket is damaged or deformed, etc. After proper treatment, workers are allowed to enter the working face. (3) Preventive measures for tunneling blasting accidents: ① Reasonable selection of blasting equipment: a Select appropriate blasting equipment according to geological conditions: a 3 Different detonators cannot be mixed; B. If there is danger of gas and coal dust explosion, millisecond blasting shall be adopted, and the longest delay shall be controlled within 130ms, and permissible explosives in coal mines shall be selected; B. Choose explosives with different uses according to different situations: ② Repeated scrutiny and improvement of blasting design: A lithology; Geological changes adjust blasting parameters. (3) Strengthen safety supervision and management, and carry out blasting operations correctly: a, one shot and three inspections; B three continuous shooting; C. put the police in place according to regulations; D ensure the ventilation time after shooting. (4) Technical measures for blasting earthwork safety: 1, which shall be implemented according to the blasting design review plan. 2, strict management system of explosives and blasting equipment. 3. Use qualified explosives and multistage detonators to control reasonable footage to control blasting vibration. 4. Supervise and inspect charging, blocking and network connection. 5. Ensure that the operation area is well ventilated. Carry out safety treatment in time after blasting. 6, slag should be strict mechanical operation procedures, reasonable organization, personnel management. (5) Measures to control flying stones in blasting: 1. When designing the position of explosive charge, we should avoid interlayer, crack or concrete joint surface to avoid flying stones from these aspects; 2. Before charging, you must carefully check the minimum resistance line of each charge, and it is forbidden to charge blindly; 3. Ensure the quality of hole filling, and take covering measures when necessary; 4. Using low detonation velocity explosive, uncoupled charge, extrusion blasting and millisecond delay initiation. In addition, a safety warning zone with sufficient scope has been set up to prevent flying stones from being damaged. (6) Measures to prevent blasting poisoning accidents: industrial explosives will produce toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides after explosion. People may be poisoned or die after inhalation. In order to prevent gun smoke poisoning, the following measures should be taken: 1, and the scope of the warning zone should be determined according to calculation; 2. Use zero oxygen balance explosive, which will not produce toxic gas after explosion; Strengthen the storage and inspection of explosives, and prohibit the use of expired and deteriorated explosives; 3. Ensure the packaging length and quality; 4. Strengthen the waterproof and moistureproof of explosives to avoid incomplete explosion of explosives; 5, strengthen ventilation after the explosion, all personnel must wait until the toxic gas diluted below the allowable concentration before returning to the working face; The allowable concentration of harmful gas in blasting operation area is as follows: 6. When blasting in the open air, personnel should be upwind; When there are tunnels, culverts and mined-out areas near the blasting area, blasting smoke may flee into them and accumulate, and it is not allowed to enter without inspection; 7, equipped with first aid, medical facilities, in case of gun smoke poisoning immediately carried to a ventilated place for rescue. (7) The following measures can be taken to deal with the blind shot in short-hole blasting: 1. When the blasting line of the hole is checked and confirmed to be intact, it can be re-detonated; 2. parallel eye charging blasting: the distance between the parallel eye and the blind hole is not less than 0.3m In order to determine the direction of the parallel blast hole, it is allowed to take out the filler with the length less than 20cm from the blind blast hole; 3. Use tools made of wood, bamboo or other materials that will not cause Mars, gently pull out most of the fillers in the hole, and use shaped charge to induce explosion; 4, at a safe distance using remote feng shui nozzle blow out blind gun stuffing and explosives, but measures must be taken to recover the detonator; 5. Blind guns should be handled on duty. If it can't be handled on duty or hasn't been processed yet, the scene should hand over the misfire situation (number, hole direction, charge quantity, initiation charge position, treatment method and treatment opinion) clearly, and the next shift will continue to handle it. Seven. Emergency Plan for Blasting Construction Accidents (I) Emergency Plan for Collapse Accidents Purpose: Once a tunnel collapse accident occurs, rescue work can be carried out quickly and effectively, so as to minimize the losses and impacts caused by the tunnel collapse accident and reduce the life and property safety risks of employees and interested parties. Emergency: 1. When a collapse is found, the discoverer should send out an alarm signal in time, and immediately evacuate the personnel in the dangerous area, and prohibit other personnel from approaching or entering the dangerous area. 2, personnel evacuated to a safe area, timely count the number, check whether there are casualties. 3, head or other leaders, should immediately report to the headquarters and intends to bureau leaders, and immediately start the emergency rescue project. 4. If there are casualties, rescue work should be carried out immediately, and rescue should be carried out in pairs to ensure the safety of rescuers; If the collapse cannot be rescued, rescuers should stand by in a safe area. 5. The landslide may bring two serious consequences to the victims: one is that the victims died of suffocation when buried in the soil, and the other is that the earth and rock buried their limbs, resulting in crush syndrome. So the landslide should be rescued in time. 6. Just out of danger. To rescue people who are buried all over the body, first dig out the soil on the head, keep breathing unobstructed, and then dig out other parts. 7. When breathing and heartbeat stop, artificial respiration and chest compressions should be performed immediately. 8, the scene to deal with all kinds of trauma. 9. When rescuing the wounded, according to the number of the wounded and the situation in Chengdu, the "heavy first, then light" method should be adopted and sent to the hospital for emergency treatment in time. 10, if the landslide is serious and unable to save itself, it should report to the local government or relevant departments in time, request first aid, and do a good job of cooperation. 1 1. Construction technical measures and control forms appropriate to the collapse degree and scope should be adopted at the site to ensure the collapse treatment in a safe environment and resume production as soon as possible. (2) Emergency Plan for Explosion Accident of Explosive Depot (1) The first reaction of the storekeeper and blaster who came to go through the formalities of receiving explosives was to evacuate quickly. When evacuating, they must evacuate along the right direction and safe route as soon as possible. After evacuation to a safe place, isolation measures should be taken quickly and warning signs should be set up. (2) The nearby personnel who first found the accident should immediately take isolation measures, set warning signs, and report to the Management Department, the Safety and Quality Department or the Chief Emergency Rescue Officer. (3) After the ambulance personnel arrive at the accident area, they shall not venture into the accident area to avoid secondary accidents. (4) If conditions permit, people in the affected areas should be informed to evacuate to a safe place as soon as possible. (5) Rescuers must wear oxygen breathing apparatus to avoid toxic and harmful gas poisoning accidents. (6) After arriving at the scene, the on-site command group was immediately divided into three groups to carry out work: ① On-site rescue group: the on-site command group was appointed as the leader, and the state control group was merged into the on-site command group to organize fire rescue work, be responsible for the evacuation of personnel in dangerous areas, the rescue of the wounded, the formulation, reporting and implementation of on-site rescue plans, and report the progress of on-site rescue to the security department. (2) Fire scene alert and security group: the fire scene command group designates the group leader, and the security personnel and relevant personnel of the local public security department form the fire scene alert and security group. Be responsible for the evacuation of personnel in the dangerous area around the fire site, delimit the warning line, control the on-site traffic and be responsible for the on-site security. ③ Logistics rescue team: the team leader is appointed by the on-site command team, and the logistics rescue team is composed of the security department, the general office and other relevant departments. Responsible for organizing and dispatching on-site rescue, resettlement of accident victims and restoration of production and living facilities in terms of material supply, transportation, medical rescue and communication.
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