/kloc-In the second half of the 8th century, when the industrial revolution and political revolution in Britain, France and the United States shook the old world, Germany was still a politically fragmented and economically backward country. The French Enlightenment gave Germany a strong impact, so the education reform came into being. /kloc-in the late 8th century, a new trend of social education-pan Aiism appeared in Germany. Basedow (1724-1790) is a representative figure of pan-patriotic education. Basedow was deeply influenced by Rousseau's natural education thought. He once wrote books to publicize Rousseau's educational view and called for the establishment of new schools according to Rousseau's educational principles. From 65438 to 0774, Basedow founded a school in Dessau in eastern Germany. According to his educational ideal, this school was called "Pan-love School". Its purpose is to cultivate people who are useful to society and cultivate a wide range of love for mankind, hence the name "pan-love doctrine". Pan-love school has expanded the scope of practical knowledge in various subjects in teaching content, and attached importance to physical education and labor education. All students must study carpentry, textile, drawing and farming. Basedow has also compiled a "primer", which brings together useful knowledge of humanities and natural sciences, and has 100 pages of illustrations as a primary textbook for children. School life conforms to children's nature, abolishing the training mode of "little adults", emphasizing treating children as children rather than adults, paying attention to the study of objects and languages in teaching, adopting the methods of speaking, drawing, playing and performing, paying attention to mental arithmetic, and adopting the method of approaching from far to near in geography teaching. Mother tongue learning plays an important role in school. Like Rousseau, pan-Aiists believe that children are kind by nature, emphasize respect for children's individuality, oppose restrictions on children's freedom, and absolutely prohibit corporal punishment.
The new atmosphere of Pan-Love School is appreciated by the society, and many people come to visit the school. Kant once spoke highly of the pan-love school. Under the influence of the ideas of Basedow and others, many similar schools have been established all over Germany, and a movement has been formed for a time. Later, the teachers of Pan-Love School spread all over Europe, extending the influence of Pan-Love School to France, Switzerland and many other countries.
2. Humboldt education reform
1806, Germany was completely defeated by Napoleon in the Jena War, and the German nation suffered great humiliation because of the compensation for ceding land. Scholars, led by Fichte, put forward the slogan of "education first", and advocated revitalizing education through reform and cultivating a new generation to invigorate the national spirit and rebuild Germany into an independent country. Fichte's appeal has attracted the attention of the public and the authorities. The new government handed over the work of rebuilding education to Humboldt, the knowledgeable minister of education, and Humboldt has done fruitful work for this. He reformed primary and secondary education, carried out Pestalozzi's educational method and founded the University of Berlin, making the German educational system a model of Britain, France and the United States in the first half of the19th century.
Humboldt further emphasized the implementation of primary compulsory education, and promulgated the primary compulsory education bill in 1802 and 1805 respectively. In order to improve and develop primary education, he sent a large number of young people to study in Pestalozzi in the east of Ivo, including Herbart and Froebel. He asked the young people to study not only to learn Pestalozzi's educational methods, but more importantly, to let the sacred fire of love and strength in the great man's chest ignite their hearts. When these young people came back from the Oriental Ivory, they decided to rebuild the primary education system, which made the primary education in Germany develop greatly. Normal education linked with primary education has also been developed, and several normal schools have been established. Those who want to be primary school teachers in the future must study in normal schools for three years.
Humboldt reformed secondary education in accordance with the spirit of new humanism. 18 10 has reduced the content of classical subjects, expanded the teaching of general basic subjects and brought middle schools closer to real life. In order to ensure the teaching quality and reorganize the teaching staff, it is stipulated in 18 10 that anyone who wants to be a middle school teacher must pass the national examination. Those who pass the examination will be awarded the title of middle school teacher, and those who fail the examination will not be hired as teachers. The examination is entrusted by the state to universities, and the subjects and requirements of the examination are based on the courses offered by universities to train middle school teachers. This system of selecting teachers has changed the phenomenon that teachers in liberal arts middle schools can only be theologians and priests, ensured the level of middle school teachers and raised German middle school teachers to the status of professional workers.
University education reform 18 10 Germany founded Berlin university at Goldberg's suggestion, Fichte was elected as the first president of Berlin university, and the first batch of students entered the school on June 6, 65438.
The establishment of Berlin University not only added a university, but also meant the reform of the university.
Humboldt's slogan when he founded Berlin University was: academic freedom, unity of teaching and scientific research. Universities emphasize scientific research. The school believes that outstanding scholars who have made great achievements in scientific research will always be the best and most capable teachers. Students are no longer required to be knowledgeable, but to master scientific principles, improve their thinking ability and engage in original scientific research. Based on this view, we should choose those who are knowledgeable and original.
Green University has complete freedom in research, teaching, school affairs management and administration. Berlin University implements the principle of professor governance; The headmaster is elected once a year; Students have the right to criticize the school and enjoy university citizenship; Universities implement advanced comprehensive management; University presidents and professors are only responsible for academic work and do not care about common affairs.
After the establishment of the University of Berlin, many universities were newly built after the reorganization of the University of Berlin.
3. Stagnation and retrogression of German education after1848
1848 After the failure of the European Revolution, German education also stagnated or even regressed. The Ministry of Education was changed to the Ministry of Intellectual Education and Medical Affairs, and several ministers of education distrusted teachers and hated "holistic education". 1849, Frederick William IV angrily accused teachers of taking full responsibility for the revolutionary movement of 1848 Prussian Teacher Training Institute. The government believes that ordinary people can't know everything, and it is necessary to lower the knowledge level of teachers and the standards of primary schools. 1854, the Prussian government issued a decree on normal schools and ethnic schools, stipulating that all primary schools should be managed by the church, with religion as the main teaching content and other subjects reduced to a minimum. In middle schools, the education of basic religious knowledge is emphasized, and students are guided to concentrate on only one subject, preferably a classical subject. Natural subjects are cancelled in the teaching plan of liberal arts middle schools, and Latin and theology are added in practical middle schools. The university dissolved the student union, dismissed professors with liberal ideas, and strictly managed the university. After 1848, nationalism, chauvinism and Prussian national absolutism filled the whole field of education in Germany, which greatly hindered the development of German education.