Spring and Autumn Period —— The Founding of Confucius

Warring States period-the development of Mencius

In the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu absorbed the "feeling between heaven and man" and "divine right of monarchy" of Buddhism and Taoism, and maintained the great unity.

In Song Dynasty, Zhu absorbed Buddhism and Taoism and formed Neo-Confucianism.

In Ming Dynasty, the strict stereotyped writing was adopted to select scholars, and the position of Confucianism was strengthened unprecedentedly, and Confucianism developed to the stage of "mind study";

Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu, Wang Fuzhi;

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Kang Youwei combined western bourgeois thoughts with Confucianism to find a theoretical basis for the reform and reform.

During the New Culture Movement, the struggle was directed at Confucianism and the slogan "Down with Kongjiadian" was put forward.

After the founding of New China-Marxism dominated, Confucianism was completely overthrown, and it was severely criticized again during the Cultural Revolution;

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee-evaluate Confucianism realistically, take its essence and discard its dross. 1, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: A hundred schools of thought contend, and Confucianism is one of them. At this stage, although Confucianism was an outstanding scholar, its thoughts were not adopted by the rulers because it could not adapt to the turbulent social environment at that time. ① Establishment: Confucius was established in the Spring and Autumn Period. Benevolence is the core of Confucius' ideological system, and he advocates mediating harmonious social interpersonal relationships with the heart of loving others. Confucius maintained the "ceremony" of the Zhou Dynasty and advocated the "order" of nobility and inferiority, which was a conservative part of his political thought. ② Development: During the Warring States Period, Mencius developed Confucius' theory, advocated benevolent government, put forward the idea that "the people are more important than the monarch", and advocated that politics should win people's hearts and oppose tyranny. It advocates giving farmers a certain amount of land, not infringing on farmers' working hours, and lenient punishment and thin taxes. Confucianism began to combine with politics. Xunzi: Materialist thought that nature has its own laws, and we can master them and make use of them. 2. Qin Dynasty: Confucianism was rejected by burning books. 3. Western Han Dynasty: Confucianism became the orthodox thought. Dong Zhongshu reformed Confucianism: ① advocated the close relationship between man and nature, and the emperor should act according to God's will; Governing the world with Confucianism, other theories should be banned; Establish schools such as imperial academy, with Confucian classics as the educational content. ② Influence:; It adapted to the needs of feudal unification and centralization at that time, met the requirements of historical development and played a positive role; Confucianism has since become feudal orthodoxy, which has a far-reaching impact on later generations; Advocating the establishment of imperial academy and local education system is conducive to the development of feudal education; The rejection of Confucianism has long bound people's thoughts and is not conducive to the development of science and culture. 4. Song Dynasty: the new development of Confucianism-the emergence and development of Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism is based on Confucianism and absorbs Buddhism and Taoism. Zhu is a master of science. Content: ① "reason" is the origin of all things in the universe, and it is the first; "Qi" is the substance that constitutes all things in the universe, and it is secondary; ② Oppose "justice" and "human desire", and put forward that "preserving justice and destroying human desire" is essentially to defend the feudal hierarchy. 5. Ming and Qing Dynasties: Early enlightenment thoughts came into being, and Confucianism was criticized. (1) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, rulers used stereotyped writing to select scholars, and only put forward propositions in the Four Books and Five Classics, with stereotyped writing style. This makes Confucianism become the spiritual pillar of maintaining feudal autocracy, and stereotyped writing also becomes an ignorant policy, which seriously hinders the development of scientific and technological culture. (2) During this period, the early enlightenment thoughts emerged and Confucianism was criticized. (1), the pioneer of anti-feudal thought. Accusing Confucianism not of "eternal supremacy" and denying that Confucius is a "born saint"; To a certain extent, it reflects the requirements of the times in the embryonic period of capitalism and has a certain democratic color. (2) Huang Zongxi, three democratic enlightenment thinkers in the early Qing Dynasty (living in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties), fiercely criticized the feudal monarchy system and proposed that the monarch was "a great harm to the world"; Advocate the rule of law and oppose the rule of man; Oppose emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, and advocate that industry and commerce are the foundation. Gu: He emphasizes the practical knowledge of applying what he has learned, and is the author of Disease Records of Countries and Counties in the World. Oppose absolute monarchy. Wang Fuzhi, a materialist thinker, thinks that "Qi" is a material entity and "Reason" is an objective law, and puts forward the materialist viewpoint that "Qi is the basis of reason" and "the world is the only tool". He also put forward the view that "stillness is motion, and motion does not give up stillness", that is, motion is absolute and stillness is a simple proof of relative. He looked at history from a developmental point of view and proposed to "keep pace with the times" politically. 6. During the Reform Movement of 1898: ① Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao combined western political theory with traditional Confucianism, publicized the idea of reform, and used the authority of Confucius to create a theoretical basis for the reform. (2) The debate between bourgeois reformists and feudal diehard forces is a direct confrontation between capitalist thought and feudal thought, which freed some intellectuals from the shackles of feudal thought. (3) During the Reform Movement of 1898 (65438-0898), the imperial edict of Emperor Guangxu included the abolition of stereotyped writing and the change of strategy, but it was quickly abolished by Cixi. 7./Kloc-Late 9th century: The introduction of western capitalist ideas, the spread of bourgeois democratic revolutionary ideas, the establishment of the bourgeois republic in the Revolution of 1911, the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts, and the orthodox position of Confucianism was seriously impacted. 8. During the reign of the Northern Warlords: ① Yuan Shikai set off a counter-current of "respecting Confucius and restoring the ancients" in the cultural field, waving flags and shouting for the restoration of the imperial system. (2)1915 The new cultural movement severely criticized the old morality and put forward the slogan "Down with Kongjiadian", which shook the orthodox position of feudal thought. 9. The spread of Marxism, the victory of the new-democratic revolution and the abolition of the orthodox position of Confucianism. 10, devastated during the Cultural Revolution, became one of the targets of proletarian dictatorship. 1 1. Since the reform and opening up in the new period, the position of Confucianism has been improved and it has become the main position of traditional culture and moral education.