1, development history
Professional degree is a kind of degree relative to academic degree, and its purpose is to cultivate applied senior professionals with solid theoretical foundation and meeting the actual needs of specific industries or occupations. Professional degree and academic degree are at the same level, with different training specifications and obvious differences in training objectives. Degrees are established according to disciplines, focusing on academic research, emphasizing theory and research, and cultivating university teachers and researchers in scientific research institutions, while professional degrees focus on professional practice, attaching importance to practice and application, and cultivating senior talents who have received formal and high-level training in specialty and specialized technology. The outstanding feature of professional degree education is the close combination of academic and professional. People with professional degrees are mainly engaged in jobs with obvious professional backgrounds, such as engineers, doctors, teachers, lawyers, accountants, etc., rather than academic research. Professional degree and academic degree have their own clear orientation in training objectives, so they are different in teaching methods, teaching contents, standards and requirements for awarding degrees.
Before 1999, the scale of graduate students in China was small, mainly training academic talents for teaching and scientific research posts. Therefore, the professional degree education at that time was mainly aimed at the on-the-job personnel who had already worked to meet their requirements for on-the-job promotion. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy and society, occupational differentiation has become more and more detailed, with more and more occupational types and higher technical content. Management, engineering, architecture, law, finance, education, agriculture and other professional fields have increasingly strong demand for senior professionals, and the characteristics of professional degree education have gradually been recognized by all sectors of society. At the same time, from the employment trend of full-time graduate students, professional degree education should not only meet the needs of existing employees, but more importantly, it should attract outstanding students, face fresh graduates, implement full-time learning methods, and cultivate applied talents needed by practical departments.
2. Current situation
Since 199 1 began to implement the professional degree education system in China, after more than ten years of construction, professional degree education has developed rapidly and achieved remarkable results. At present, China has established 39 professional degrees, basically forming a professional degree system with master as the main body and doctor, master and bachelor degrees at the same time. It can be said that China has initially established a professional degree education system with China characteristics, and trained a large number of high-level and applied professionals for socialist modernization.
In order to meet the needs of China's current social and economic situation for the structural transformation of postgraduate education, the Ministry of Education has decided that from 2009, except for management majors such as MBA and MPA, the project management direction of master of engineering, the competition organization direction of master of public health and master of physical education, and a few professional degrees that are not suitable for fresh graduates at present, all other professional degrees will be recruited for fresh graduates and full-time training will be implemented. With the introduction of a series of policies, full-time postgraduate education will gradually change from cultivating academic talents to cultivating applied talents, realizing the historical transformation and strategic adjustment of postgraduate education structure. Judging from the enrollment and training mode of professional degrees, two relatively perfect modes have gradually formed: one is to attract candidates, including fresh graduates, to take the national unified entrance examination for postgraduate students, adopt full-time learning mode, and cultivate applied talents needed by practical departments; The other is to face the majority of on-the-job workers, take part in the national joint entrance examination for part-time master's degrees, and adopt part-time learning mode to realize the purpose and desire of on-the-job workers for on-the-job further study and lifelong learning.
3. Future trends
Starting from the development trend of graduate education in the world and the reality of the development of graduate education in China, professional degree graduate education is the development focus that the country will strongly support and actively guide in the future. At present, with the further establishment and improvement of the system and mechanism, the professional degree graduate education will surely usher in the spring of rapid development and play an increasingly important and positive role in promoting China's socialist modernization process.
According to the structural adjustment plan of graduate students of the Ministry of Education, from 2009, full-time professional masters will be recruited for fresh undergraduates for the first time, and by 20 15, the proportion of professional masters in the total number of graduate students will reach 50%.
At present, China's professional degree education is in a good development opportunity. Due to the rapid development of China's economy and society, the economic structure is in a period of adjustment and transformation, with more and more professional differentiation, more and more professional types and higher technical content. The demand for senior professionals in management, engineering, architecture, law, finance, education, agriculture and other professional fields is getting stronger and stronger, and the characteristics of professional degree education are gradually recognized by all walks of life, and its attraction will be certain. Therefore, the scale of professional degree postgraduate training will be greatly developed accordingly.
Recruiting a certain number of graduate students with professional degrees this year is not only to cope with the current employment problem, improve the quality of personnel training and enhance the employment competitiveness of students, but also to do a certain increment, promote the completion of the structural adjustment of graduate students, activate the valve of structural adjustment of graduate students, and then send a clear signal of structural adjustment to further promote the adjustment of graduate students' stock. Therefore, this structural adjustment is to reposition the training objectives of postgraduate education and make postgraduate education more closely adapt to the needs of society. Starting from the development trend of postgraduate education in the world and the reality of postgraduate education in China, postgraduate education will gradually change from cultivating academic talents to cultivating applied talents, and realize the historical transformation and strategic adjustment of postgraduate education structure.
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