How do civil aviation planes take off? How is a qualified captain "tempered"? What is the life of a pilot? From this international perspective, let's uncover the "secret" of the aircraft cab.
take off
Secret 1:
Busy "online exam" 0 days before departure 1
On stage 1 minute, off stage 10 year-this old saying is true even in the field of flight. Maybe the flying time in the sky is only 10 minutes, and the preparation on the ground will take the pilot 10 times as long. The link of flight preparation must not be underestimated.
When a flight determines the type of aircraft to fly, the airline's flight scheduling department will select pilots with corresponding model qualifications to take up their posts, and then will hang this scheduling information on the special flight crew preparation website. In the process of network preparation, pilots should first enter the initial health assessment page, and can choose "compliance" or "non-compliance" according to their physical condition; Then, the pilot should read the flight mission, safety notice, navigation notice, landing station flight weather, flight risk warning, originating airport information, flight map, destination airport information and alternate field information in turn.
Finally, the pilot must complete an online exam, which contains random questions about the relevant data of the aircraft and civil aviation laws and regulations. This is a process of deepening the impression. It takes about half a day to "walk" down like this.
Secret 2:
There were many things on the day of take-off.
On the day of flight, the pilot should pack his luggage early, put on his uniform, attend the pre-departure preparation meeting at the company according to the specified time, and receive the task book with specific legal effect. It is stated in the task book that who is the captain, who is the co-pilot, who is the flight attendant, flight attendant and so on.
After the crew passes the security check according to the normal procedure, the "dispatch" staff will hand over a release form with a very important content, that is, the fuel quantity of the aircraft. The amount of fuel in flight is calculated by a complex computer software, but it is only a reference value, and the captain can increase it as appropriate.
After the pilot gets on the plane, the crew members prepare for the inspection according to the division of labor, input the route into the computer according to the flight plan, and check the system status such as route information, entry and departure procedures, high altitude wind and temperature. At the same time, we should also listen to the weather information and airport status information of the airport, and formulate the runway and departure mode according to the situation. Someone gets off the plane to check whether the external conditions of the plane are seaworthy, refueling and other external operations.
Secret 3:
Autopilot can't leave the cabin.
On long routes, cruising is generally divided into two groups, and pilots can rest during cruising to ensure their flight energy.
The flight crew is not idle during the cruise phase, but needs to check the flight parameters and aircraft status from time to time.
Starting the automatic flight mode does not mean that the pilot can leave the cockpit, but needs to monitor the flight trajectory at all times and establish communication with various ground control departments. In addition, information such as high altitude wind and temperature must be input to make the computer calculate the fuel quantity or flight time more accurately.
Before the plane descends, just like before take-off, it is necessary to listen to the notice of landing airport, choose the landing runway, and formulate the go-around actions and procedures in case it cannot land. After the plane landed, the pilot had to go through a series of disembarkation procedures, including settling the flight time and remaining fuel of the current flight.
Secret 4:
The training fees in the United States are all paid by themselves.
There are many flying schools in the United States, which provide convenience for ordinary people to learn to fly planes and become civil aviation pilots. You can find dozens or hundreds of them by just searching online. For example, a flight school called ATP has 23 branches.
According to the data of 20 12, taking ATP as an example, including single-engine aircraft, multi-engine aircraft, private driver's license and flight instruction certificate, the 90-day "package" crash training fee is $45,000 and the examination fee is $2,400. But for the same course, some schools charge about $60,000. Compared with private training institutions, public training institutions need to add 60,000 to1.20,000 degree fees. If the living expenses and lost time during flight training are included, the total training cost of a pilot averages $6,543,800+7,000.
However, this is only the tuition fee for the crash course. To become a qualified civil aviation pilot, according to the latest requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the cumulative flight time needs to be increased from 250 hours to 1500 hours.
Contrary to the high training fees in the United States, the European model is more inclined to let airlines bear part or all of the training fees for pilots.
Secret 5:
Captain "re-education" once every six months.
Traditional pilot training can be divided into the following categories. The first category is the basic training of new pilots. The training content includes basic skills and knowledge, and the goal is that pilots can fly the company's aircraft on the company's routes. The second category is promotion training. The training goal is the promotion of pilots, such as from co-pilot to pilot.
The third category is modification training. The training goal is to enable pilots to fly different types of aircraft on the company's routes.
The fourth is regular training. The Federal airworthiness regulation (FAR) stipulates that the captain should be trained once every six months and the co-pilot should be trained once every other year. The content of training generally includes the "core technology" of aviation industry such as meteorology and aerodynamics.
Discipline, discipline
Secret 6:
The flight duration is "high-voltage line"
Civil aviation safety authorities all over the world put the pilot's flight duration in the first place. In the civil aviation laws and regulations of most countries, there are strict regulations on the duty time and rest time of aircrew, especially aircrew.
Among them, just rest includes: if there is a "bed", if there is no "bed", the time for compulsory rest will increase. This is a high-voltage line, and almost no company dares to touch it.
In 20 12, european aviation safety agency introduced new civil aviation regulations, requiring pilots to engage in flight and flight preparation for no more than 14 hours every day and 12 hours at night.
Secret 7:
I'm getting divorced and can't fly.
In 2006, the United States Civil Aviation Organization made a study on whether the marital status of pilots is related to their flight status, and discussed the influence of marital quality factors on the mental health level of pilots.
In this study, 236 pilots' families were followed up, and both husband and wife participated. The marital quality questionnaire, symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90) and temperament type were used to test. Results The marital quality of husband and wife was positively correlated with the mental health level of pilots. In the case of marital quality as a covariant, the mental health level of pilots is poor, and the mental health level of depression and bile is poor.
The pilot is in a bad mood and goes to heaven without concentration, which is irresponsible to passengers and easy to cause accidents. Many airlines stipulate that divorced pilots are not allowed to fly planes and must be grounded until the contradiction is resolved.
Secret 8:
You can't drink alcohol 8 hours before the flight.
In the days when there is no flight mission, pilots, like ordinary people, like to invite friends to play ball games, eat and go to bars. Many pilots like to have a few drinks. But if there is a flight mission the next day, the pilot must restrain himself and avoid drinking. According to the regulations, pilots are not allowed to drink any alcoholic drinks, even those with a low degree, eight hours before the flight.
In 2002, American West Airlines pilots Thomas and Christopher were asked to return to the terminal during taxiing. Afterwards, it was proved that the two men had drunk all night before the mission and were late for work the next day. Other crew members found their abnormality and informed the police. Later, two pilots were interrogated and sentenced.
hidden trouble
Secret 9:
Pilots often doze off while flying.
According to the British Mirror 20 12, 1 19 10, a survey by the European Aircraft Pilots Association found that 1 of every three pilots in Europe dozed off while performing their duties. The most serious are Britain, Norway and Sweden. Most pilots admit that they made a mistake because they were too tired. Only the captain of 1/4 will tell the truth to the boss when he is unfit to fly. In fact, many pilots in Europe can't enjoy enough rest. Long time on duty and standby, flying at night and irregular working hours force them to stay awake for a long time, which deprives them of their rest time.
The Times of India reported on May 29th that the Civil Aviation Authority of India proposed to allow pilots to sleep during long flights and "doze off" directly by holding the joystick in the cockpit. The report emphasizes that pilots are not allowed to sleep during take-off and landing, but they can sleep for a while during the rest of the flight, but not more than 40 minutes. At present, the proposal has not been passed, but it does make those who often fly out in a cold sweat.
income
The world urgently needs pilots with an annual salary of one million RMB.
According to a survey on the website of City Business Daily in 2006, the income of pilots and drivers of civil airliners ranks second in all industries in the United States, second only to doctors, with an average annual salary of $654.38+$2840.
Continental Airlines employees said that the annual salary of pilots is generally 65438+ 10,000 to 200,000 US dollars; The annual income of captains of large airlines has reached $65.438+$82 million.
The vast majority of airlines in the United States, especially large airlines, such as mainland China, northwest China, southwest China and Delta, offer quite good treatment. The longer the pilot works in the airline, the better the treatment will be, such as the choice of aircraft type and flight time.
Most airlines in the United States have not signed contracts with pilots and can resign at any time without being fined.
However, some small airlines sign contracts with pilots, and if the pilots break the contract, they may be subject to certain financial penalties, but the amount is not very large.
At present, in order to meet the rapid development of the aviation market, airlines are constantly expanding their fleets and increasing the number of flights, and the shortage of pilots is becoming increasingly prominent.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) predicts that by 2030, the number of global flights will double to 50 million, and the number of aircraft will triple, exceeding 1.5 1.000, requiring 980,000 pilots, twice the number of active pilots.
Those unreliable pilots
In the history of commercial flight, many flight accidents are caused by the improper behavior of pilots. Fox News summarized the "Top Ten Unreliable Pilots", which can be roughly divided into five categories: fighting with flight attendants, drinking and taking drugs, being distracted from work, forging resumes, and having mental problems.
For example, in 2009, two pilots and two crew members of a air india plane bound for Delhi fought because a stewardess accused them of sexual harassment. The fight quickly escalated from the cockpit to the cabin. During this time, the order on the plane was completely out of control.