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Summary of Japan's Energy Rate "Energy Rate"
Energy rate is a very late name. From the middle period of heian period (782- 1 185) to the edo period (1603- 1868), this artistic ability has always been called "ape music" or "ape music ability". Moreover, with the Southern and Northern Dynasties in Japan as the boundary, the early ape music was very different from the late ape music, so today's Japanese academic circles call the former "ape music" and the latter "energy music".

Although there are many differences about the origin of the energy rate, it can be said that the energy rate is "a collection of ancient Japanese native art and foreign art", which can be regarded as the consensus of the academic community. Many cultural styles have played a role in the formation, development and stereotype of Nenglie. It also includes the ancient culture of China. The ancient ape music has a common origin with the ancient Nuo opera in China, which evolved from the ritual of offering sacrifices to the gods. In the later period, apes can already enjoy music, which evolved from China's ancient martial arts.

In ancient Japan, there were many colorful singing and dancing techniques, including prayers to gods and ancestors, songs praising productive labor, heroic hymns about the theme of war, and songs and dances describing the love life of men and women. In the folk, there are also puppeteers, wandering girls, witches and other wandering artists, who have long been performers and disseminators of folk dramas. In the early days of Nara and Heian, that is, the period equivalent to the Tang Dynasty in China, ci music, dance music and folk music from mainland countries and the Korean Peninsula were introduced to Japan one after another and performed in the court for a long time. In this way, the ancient Japanese art was connected with the early dramas of Indian and European countries through the media of China, Korea and Lin Yi, which greatly improved the level of japanese pop, dance and performing arts, trained many artistic talents and even preserved the precious artistic wealth that had been lost in other countries. The combination of external factors and national traditions has led to a period of "multi-drama" in which national culture is highly developed. After the Kamakura era, the emerging samurai class replaced the dominant position of the old aristocracy. Great changes have taken place in religious culture, with more and more emphasis on the independent development of national culture. At this time, drama art was combined with a wide range of religious activities, and various performances were carried out based on temples and shrines around the country. Yan nian, Tian le and ape le are popular. In 12 and 3 centuries, many professional troupes (seats) appeared, and the hereditary system of artists began. In Muromachi era, under the influence of Daqu in Song Dynasty and Zaju in Yuan Dynasty, a relatively mature drama form was formed.

● The earliest record of playing foreign music in Japan is generally considered to be the record that King Silla sent 80 Silla musicians to Japan during the funeral of Emperor Ingrid in 453. /kloc-In 554 years after 0/00, it was recorded that Baekje sent musicians on the Korean peninsula to replace their predecessors, and it was time for Emperor Qin Ming. In addition, when the ancient emperor was promoted in 6 12, there was a record that the famous geisha music (wuyue) was introduced into Japan. During the reign of Emperor Tianwu in 684, the music of the Three Kingdoms was recorded on the Korean Peninsula. From the 5th century to the 7th century, most records about music in Japan were related to music from the Korean Peninsula. Later, in 607, Japan sent envoys to the Sui Dynasty, and in 630, it began to send envoys to the Tang Dynasty. China's music and dance also took this opportunity to spread to Japan. Makoto Fujiwara (807-897) entered Chang 'an, Tang Dou in 835 as an envoy and studied pipa with Dr. Lian Chengwu at that time. It is said that he later brought Tang's pipa back to China and Tang's music score, and he has been teaching pipa since he returned to China, so Tang's music was undoubtedly introduced to Japan. As early as 70 1 year, there was a provision in the Dabao Law to set up Yale Liao in the province under the jurisdiction of the Ministry, specializing in playing music and training musicians. The music played by this institution includes etiquette music handed down from ancient Japan and various foreign music. This shows that at that time, Japan put the performance of foreign music under the specific management of state institutions and played and performed for foreign envoys to enhance the prestige of the country.

● At that time, Chinese mainland's music and dance spread through the Korean peninsula or directly to the Japanese archipelago, mainly including geisha music, dance music and scattered music. Yue Ji refers to the music and dance drama performed in the open air, that is, the music and dance of China. Ji Guo, Shang Qing, Koryo, Tianzhu, Anguo, Qiuci and Wenkang were established in the early Sui Dynasty. When it was introduced into Japan, it was called Yue Ji Music and Dance. According to legend, Wei Mi, a Baekje who studied music and dance in Wu, became a Japanese citizen in the eighth year of the Great Emperor (6 12) and began to teach geisha music in Japan. Because Shoto Kutaishi loved it very much at that time, he called a group of Japanese teenagers to learn from Wei Mi, and set up geisha musicians and geisha students in the staff order of Yaleliao. Finally, this dance was designated as Buddhism. It also has a great impact on Japan's energy rate. The geisha music spread to Japan includes: lion dance, martial arts, King Kong, Goruda, Brahman, Kunlun, Lux, Drum, Drunk Tiger and Wude Music, which is called Ten Geisha Music.

● Sanleben is an ancient music and dance in China, The Book of Rites. Spring palace. "Li Ren" contains "teaching dance to disperse music, and dancing to enjoy music. "Zheng Xuan's Note:" The savage of pleasure is good, if it is advocated by the Yellow Gate today. "Originally refers to the folk music and dance of the Zhou Dynasty; In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it became synonymous with a hundred operas. Including all kinds of acrobatics, illusion (such as lifting tripod, swallowing knife, spitting fire), music and dance of dressing up characters, graceful animals, and East China Sea Huang Gong with simple stories. After Sanle was introduced to Japan, Sanle was first taught by Sanle households designated by Nara Palace. Sanle households were abolished in the first year of the calendar year (AD 782) and during the Heian period. So Sanle spread among the people, and many changes and developments took place. The theory that Sanle developed into tender music through the intermediary form of ape music has been adopted by almost all Japanese modern drama history works and art history textbooks. The characteristics of Sanle, which is popular in the Japanese archipelago, can be deeply impressed by the slingshot and new western ancient music pictures collected by Naraichi Zhengcang Academy. Including throwing the ball, jacking the pole, making guns, stilts and other acrobatics, swallowing knives and spitting fire and other magic, puppet shows, ventriloquism, funny simulation performances, etc., similar to China's three music. In the court, Sanle is performed as folk music corresponding to dance music, as a sumo festival and as the afterglow of divine music. Nara dynasty's policy of protecting leisure musicians. However, since the Ping 'an court came to power, Sanle households were dissolved, and Sanle artists went to the people to worship shrines and temples and perform at temple fairs and social festivals. After the middle period of peace, Sanle was divided. Some acrobatic factors were inherited by Dengaku and other folk arts, and simulated performances were carried forward in their descendants' ape music, eventually forming a mature drama form-Nenglie.

● About the face of peaceful ape music. 1 1 In the middle of the century, Akihiro Fujiwara showed this in detail in "New Ape Music". He listed nearly 30 kinds of monkey music performances at the Mi Lian Festival in Kyoto. They can be divided into four categories: independent artistic skills, acrobatic artistic skills, simulated geisha skills and simulated opera. The first kind of different ape music system, such as spell master, Dengaku, puppet son, only other kinds of art can participate in ape music performance; The second category is the inheritance of the original three music; The third category is single-action simulation; The fourth category, someone has played, and the simple story is clean. Among them, the one closest to the later drama form, such as "Jingtong Stay in the Air, Start Life in the East and Go to Beijing", performed a "Jingtong" full of the "superiority" of city people and made fun of a countryman who came to Beijing for the first time. The content, scale and dramatization are comparable to those of China Song and Jin Zaju in the same period.

● In the middle of Ping 'an, Sanle was renamed the Japanese name "Ape Music". Why is there such a change? There are roughly two views in Japanese academic circles. One view is that "ape" is a loan word of "three" and the pronunciation of "ape" and "three" is similar, so starting from linguistics, giving similar examples, looking for records of the mixture of the two in historical materials; Another point of view: That's because Sanle's macaque art is very eye-catching, and singing has gradually become the style of this piece. This statement is considered to be a simple point of view, which focuses on the word "ape" itself, not just the pronunciation.

● The culture of peace with the peaceful aristocrats as the main body began to decline at the end of peace (12C). With the collapse of the official system, the change of the military system, the development of the manor economy and many other factors. The samurai class, a new force rising from local masters, began to take the opportunity to enter the power center. However, the struggle for power and interests within the imperial court triggered two civil strife, namely, the "rebellion against Yuan" and the "rebellion against Yuan". The Wu family groups, such as Ping's who put down civil strife, grew rapidly, even on an equal footing with the imperial state. Then the contradictions among various forces in the Wu family intensified, and Genji confronted each other, which finally ended in Genji's victory. Established for three years (1 192), in July, Yuan Laichao opened a general shogunate in Kamakura, became a "foreign general", and began the so-called martial politics, and the Kamakura era began. Genji died for three generations, and the subsequent screen rights were maintained by Beier. After the "Inheritance Rebellion" (122 1 year), the imperial power declined more and more, and the nobles became more decadent. The powerful Kamakura shogunate strengthened its control over the samurai, consolidated the "royal family" system by formulating the year number of "Imperial Success or Failure" (1232), determined the master-slave relationship between generals and samurai by decree, and established ethical concepts, moral norms and codes of conduct different from those of the previous aristocratic society. It marks the establishment of medieval culture.

However, cultural transformation is a gradual process. The decadent and corrupt official culture in Kamakura era still dominates. It is impossible for a martial arts family that is very lacking in education and knowledge to create a new culture with martial arts characteristics in a short time. At this time, the so-called "Wu family culture" actually has two aspects, one is to inherit the traditional culture of the Pingan nobles, and the other is to sprout from the internal culture of the samurai society. If the samurai leaders in the late Heian period trace their origins, such as Genji Heping, they were the attendants of the emperor's nobles for a long time. Even after the opening of Kamakura, a large number of samurai remained in Kyoto and were gradually influenced by aristocratic culture. It can be said that the samurai brought the local culture into Gyeonggi, spread the aristocratic culture to all parts of the country, and played a role in spreading culture. However, with the development of the times, the traditional aristocratic culture gradually declined, and the new culture with samurai as the core gradually took advantage, and at the same time took the first step towards popularization. As far as artistic ability is concerned, due to the disintegration of nobles and the rise of local warriors, the phenomenon of "inferiority" has gradually become a common phenomenon, which was created by the alternating development of all walks of life at that time. In order to carry out extensive artistic exchanges among artists all over the world. During this period, the artistic talent that had a great influence on later generations was to prolong the life of Hetian Music.

● Yan nian, also known as Yan nian dance music or Yan nian, is a banquet after the Dafa meeting in the temple and a reward program at the banquet after the sacrifice ceremony in the shrine. It began in the middle of heian period, and flourished in Kamakura, declined after the middle of Muromachi, and flourished in the straight age. This art form has played a very good role in connecting the preceding with the following, which is of great significance. The repertoires of Yan Nian are diverse, independent and unrelated. There are not only elegant music of court nobles, including dance music, divine comedy, urging Ma Le and chanting, but also acrobatics since heian period and imitation performances popular in the Middle Ages. It can be seen that prolonging life embodies the transitional characteristics of the cultural transition period of this era, maintains the cultural characteristics of courts, officials and nobles, and embodies the trend of popularization and development of artistic talents to the people.

● Life-prolonging instruments, in addition to elegant music, also use drums, and the form of "local ballads" appears. The stage was built on the lawn of the temple (Zhisheng), from which the so-called "smart move" of later generations came, meaning theater or drama itself. There is a backstage (music room) behind the stage, with a V-shaped entrance for actors to enter and exit. People are watching the performance in the yard opposite the stage.

● Extensively and comprehensively absorbed the artistic energy of elegant music, ape music, Dengaku and romantic style in Kamakura era, which had a great influence on later generations. However, because Yannian itself lived by temples, after the chaos of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the chaos of the Warring States in Muromachi era, the manor economy on which temples depended collapsed, and it was no longer possible to maintain the survival of Yannian, which led to the decline of Yannian. Only some powerful temple fairs still maintain this form of performance, such as the Spring Festival in Xiaofu Temple in Nara, and still maintain this traditional drama.

● Tian Yue originated from the ancient music and dance "Tian Dance", which was originally a sacrificial ceremony to pray for a bumper harvest. Later, Tian dance was introduced into the court as a royal music dance, but it was quickly suppressed by other music dances and declined. Some of them were accepted by ordinary people and developed into Dengaku. Since the imperial court abolished "Saint Yue Hu", it spread to the people on March 3rd. Some March Music artists combine March Music with Dengaku and other folk arts to perform acrobatics. For example, Dengaku really became a professional artist in Kamakura and Muromachi times. Tian Lezhong's songs and dances have developed to Tian Leneng, and the repertoire includes the abilities of Kikushui, Hepu, Erxing, Kitano Beast, British Korea, natural person, Four Ghosts and Genji. Many of them have something in common with madness, such as. The basic structure of these plays has already established an orderly, broken and urgent system. From the perspective of drama composition, there are story lines, dialogues, songs and dances, stage movements, singing and accompaniment by singers and bands. Tian Leneng, in his heyday, had a great influence on the development of ape music. When ape music flourished with the support of the general, Tian Leneng also completed his historical task and declined, and once again went to the folk as a folk custom and preserved it to this day.

● After Ren Ying's rebellion, the weakening of the shogunate system and the decline of temple fairs dealt a great blow to the development of energy efficiency. Only Shinjiro Hattori, his sons Chang Jun and Jin Chunchan Feng won the praise of the audience by creating gorgeous and dramatic tracks. At this time, the music of Tian Le and Jinjiang ape-man has almost disappeared. /kloc-In the second half of the 6th century, most talented actors gradually turned to powerful names for support and protection.

Nobunaga's interest in music is well known. Later, Hideyoshi was an avid music lover. He not only watched by himself, but also often performed by himself, and financially supported Yamato Ape Music, which enabled him to survive in troubled times. Since then, energetic actors have gradually left temples and shrines and turned to samurai, led by the Wu family. After such changes, except for some remaining small performing groups (music seats) and four Dahe ape music venues that took refuge in the Wu family, other music seats basically disappeared in this era.

● During this period, with the gorgeous Taoshan culture as the background, a luxurious and gorgeous stage style was established, and the costumes of the actors were even more luxurious. In terms of dough sculpture production, there are also many famous artists who can use masks when performing, which are basically available in this period. Scripts have also developed, and famous revelers frequently appear in this era. It can be said that the Warring States period is a period of transformation and revival.

● After Hideyoshi's death, Konka, who became a foreign general, also followed Hideyoshi's system. Give competent performers knowledge and official positions, thus protecting the performing ability of artists. The emerging Xiduoliu has also been fostered into a first-class school, which is called the five major schools together with Dahe and Sihe. These artists moved to Edo, the center of music, and their wandering lives finally settled down. At the same time, vassal governments all over the world have also hired disciples from five sects to perform and study in their own territory.

However, the shogunate and the vassals are both protectors of efficiency and strict supervisors. According to the severe announcements issued frequently, actors are required to exercise their performance skills and inherit traditional skills, and the energy rate is becoming more and more solemn. A song takes more and more time and becomes a strict skill that consumes energy and physical strength. At the same time, the minor parts such as the ability, accompaniment and raving have also split into many schools independently. In this era, a system centered on "doctor" has been established to protect this seat, which in turn is the result of a closed future that can develop freely in the historical torrent.