Li Ruiqing's Educational Thought
Ju' nanshan
Li Ruiqing's educational thought lacks systematic writings, which can be found in Shang Tou Tao Zhai Shang Shu, Preparatory School for Studying in the United States, Zhu Sheng Juan Pi, Preface to Classmates of Excellent Teachers in Two Rivers, Knowledge of Yu, Yu Shu and Yu Shu. His views can be summarized as follows:
(1) Education is the only feasible way to save China.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the country was in a critical situation, and people of insight rose to defend the country, resulting in the Reform Movement, the Constitutional Movement and the Revolutionary Movement. Li Ruiqing is a loyal and patriotic person, but his views are a little different from those of a bachelor traveling abroad. He still had hope for the feudal monarchy, and his political thoughts tended to be conservative. This is naturally related to his influence from Confucianism, and his family has been an official for generations. However, his selfless spirit of defending the country is worthy of respect, but everyone chooses a different way to save the country.
Li Ruiqing disapproves of "people who study at home and return from overseas, regardless of their suitability, it is vulgar." When they changed their national politics for thousands of years, they thought that they could be rich and flat, thinking that this would inevitably lead to chaos in the world, not only that they would not be rich, but also that the people and the country would not be able to live. He is in favor of constitutionalism. Zhao Zhongmu, his teacher, advocated constitutionalism when he lived under the curtain of Wei Guangtao, the governor of Liangjiang in the past. He praised it as "I know so far!" (Gong Wei was afraid to fight). However, until the end of 19 10, the Qing court was forced to shorten the constitutional date from nine years to five years because of three large-scale petitions initiated by representatives of provincial advisory bureaus. He was still convinced that the Qing dynasty really had the sincerity to reform the law and delegate power to the people. He believes that "the government of the country is not comparable to Beijing after three generations!" Official discussions in official departments; Military and political discussions of the Ministry of War; Finance is the responsibility of the Ministry of Finance. Punish others, and then decide the punishment; Construction and development will be decided by the Ministry of Industry; Major policies are discussed among five ministers, six ministers and nine ministers, and among governors and secretaries, and suggestions are made to reach the people's feelings. Sick people are playing up and giving the purpose of stopping at night. And within the officialdom, there are rules in daily life and diet, and the son of heaven can't be an official with joy, let alone kill with anger. Those who are superior to China by autocracy are superficial. ""About autocracy and constitutionalism: On the day when people's wisdom is not open, one or two people are brave and philosophical and will legislate for everyone's feelings. So one or two people will bear their responsibilities, which is called autocracy; On the day when people's wisdom is wide open, the whole people will discuss it, and legislation will be made to achieve their feelings, which is called constitutionalism. If it had been different, things would have happened. If education is not completely over, Mu Lixian's reputation, giving up his responsibility and working with people without knowledge and experience to establish a constitution will inevitably plunder and fall into anarchy, which will be worse than autocracy. Therefore, it is concluded that "today's suffering is not due to the failure of the constitution, but to the lack of people's wisdom, the lack of desire for public welfare, and the lack of knowledge about discussing politics." In his view, to make China prosperous and progressive, we should first take a unified and stable political situation as the premise, and then take education as the means. As long as education is successful, we can become rich and strong. Taste words: "Since ancient times, there has been no country that can survive without learning, and there are those who have learned but failed in the country, so it is important to teach", "China has no second chance to live in the future except running a school" and "one person will be sent to save the country soon", and education is regarded as the only key to saving the country. Its philosophy is like this, so its attitude towards running a school is eager and sincere, and it is actively involved in order to realize self-sacrifice and selflessness. During the six years from 1905 to the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 and the closure of the school, we reformed the school affairs, refreshed the school administration and started our own school, and achieved great success in the southeast. No matter whether his political thoughts are timely or not, his spirit and courage in running a school and his contribution to education have their own indelible achievements, which should occupy an important position in the history of modern education in China.
(2) Education is a sacred task.
Li Ruiqing believes that it is everyone's responsibility to run education, not just those in power. If education can be done well, the fashion of the whole society will be good, which can make up for the political deficiency of the rulers. Therefore, education is the cause of protecting the country and benefiting the people, and those who devote themselves to education must realize this. We should take patriotism and love for the people as the starting point, and we should not mistakenly regard education as a personal occupation, cut off the relationship with society and the country, and care about personal interests everywhere. Only with clear motives and lofty ideals can education be done thoroughly. Therefore, the saying goes, "There is no other way to save the society than to give up education. The only two heroes who devoted themselves to education must have no rich thoughts, that is, they must have no honorable thoughts. They should be like old priests, with no other idea but to save the world. Whether politics is good or not depends on the government; On the other hand, education can defeat everyone. Nowadays, schools are often not as powerful as society, but the reason is that one or two students who run schools have no wealth and are responsive, but there is nothing they can do. You know, if the society is not good, you can't help but expect us to turn around. If the reputation is not good enough, they will be eliminated immediately. If we can sacrifice our wealth and reputation in education, no matter whether the country survives, it will make us rich and strong; Even if you die, you will turn over one day, and patriotism cannot be completely eradicated. Without education, there would be no one and no country? Everyone has this responsibility to educate the public, and I am willing to pay tribute to it! "
Taking education in China as his responsibility and protecting the country and benefiting the people as his aim, he is sincere in this respect and is very serious in implementing it. He is always worried about education in China. In the process of devoting himself to education, he witnessed the neglect of education by relevant government officials and felt resentful and uneasy. Duan Fang, the governor of Liangjiang River, stated his views on the education situation at that time when he moved to Zhili in Xuantongyuan (1909): "Honest officials in the south of the Yangtze River have a kind of food, and they are overspent from the top and forced to consult from the bottom. Our country is really poor. It is a province and an education fund, which is unprecedented in the world! For example, if a sleepy child is out of school, it will be difficult to build a home! ……"
(3) Opinions on the education system and textbook compilation in China at that time.
? Li Ruiqing stated his views on textbook compilation and education system in A Book with Jun, which reflected his practical experience and understanding of education. This book was written in 19 15, and the relevant contents are as follows:
"Primary school textbooks, the so-called national education, are now limited to four years. In these four years, all national knowledge must be paid in full. When I entered primary school at the age of seven, the psychology of seven or eight-year-old children must have been input into the game. I can't justify it. When considering these four years, we must first know a few words before we can use what kind of knowledge and what books to input, and we must first plan. I think the normal university of Beijing Normal University should be presided over by a great educator hired by the department, and set up a textbook editing bureau to review the primary school textbooks of various countries first, and discuss whether the meaning of each lesson is consistent with that of China, and how many educators' experiences must be discussed before editing. After editing, it will be tried out in the primary school affiliated to Teachers College. If it doesn't work, it will be changed. Therefore, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan takes Higher Teachers College as the testing ground. Teachers' colleges, if there is a need to improve education, report to the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Education has thus changed national education, so its orders are all from experience, not ideal imitation. The education administrative organs of the Ministry of Education and Culture have to rely on higher normal schools as research institutes. China has been imitating orders with the ideals of the department, but instead, he has reformed normal universities. Why do you say that? Therefore, teaching materials cannot be compiled by one or two learned people. Before I was poor, when I was in the office of Jiangnan Department, I saw the textbooks for simple literacy schools distributed by the department. Occasionally, when I watch a class, I see it doesn't work. Today, I don't remember any class with the word "full". Obviously, the word "full" can be popular, but the word "full" is not clear to children for twenty or thirty minutes! Outside schools are common, there are many commercial libraries, and now there are China Book Company, all for profit. It's really sad to pay ordinary booksellers for the education of children in China. I haven't read the book of the Second Bureau, I don't know what it is, and I dare not talk nonsense. Last year in Jiangxi, I found the book "Drifting Words" by the Commercial Press under the circumstances of my friends. Appraised by your department, it is widely used in middle schools. Among them, it's ridiculous. Especially ugly, and Shi Guwen and scold Chuwen, these are two stones, not two languages, so scold Chuwen is false! Why don't you read it? You can drink! Today, your minister issued this grand wish, which is the first important policy to save China, but it is beyond the original ability. He urgently hired China scholars and great educators to study and discuss. China will die, or one day he will be born again. "
(4) The general situation of education development in China and educators in other countries.
Li Ruiqing said: "In ancient times, there were no teachers, only gentlemen. This is only a stage problem; At that time, the world was not flat, and the people begged for food and shelter, but they had no knowledge! Yu Ji's records are numerous and detailed. As for Emperor Shun, he made a contract to be Stuart and taught the five things. So, there was an official who taught the people. He was ordered to teach young children, and the primary school flourished from then on! Danger has its own characteristics, summer has its own order, and yin has its own Sect. Situ is also a native teacher and educated at the same time, so he has taught rice cakes, Zuo Zongtang and Gele's cloud. The school system is for the week, and the week replaces the study. The primary school is in the public, and the left of the public south; The university is in the suburbs, and there are two things: establishing teachers to teach morality, establishing Bao's family education and establishing Stuart's family education. Compared with five companies, the proportion is longer; Five ratios are Lu, and Lu has a major; Si Lu is a family, and the family has a teacher; The five ethnic groups are the party and the party is upright; The five parties are States, and the States have leaders; Wuzhou is a township, where there are teachers and doctors, all of whom belong to Stuart. Primary school is a musician in charge, with teachers' posts and no teachers to learn. The prosperity of teachers' learning originated from Confucius, whose disciples covered 3 thousand, and seven people were well versed in the industry. Kong Yu, a 70-year-old disciple, teaches in all directions. Lutz Juwei, Chen Ju and a surname lived in Chu, and Zigong finally came together, and they taught in Xihe, and many famous teachers came forth. There is no special book on Confucius' teacher learning, and his theories are often scattered in The Analects. Later, scholars adopted the anecdotes of Confucius' teaching, which was for the sake of China's pedagogy. When it is true, Sakyamuni was poisoned, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in Athens all taught everyone, or merged with Confucius, or after Confucius. Later European scholars are talking about Greek and Suellen's theory of law, Pythagoras' theory of nature, Novini's theory of name and Erraji's theory of nature. From then on, China became a warlock in the Qin Dynasty, and he took officials as his teachers. Since then, folk studies have disappeared, and Greek studies have declined a little! In the Han Dynasty, the imperial court was still Huang Lao, and the government followed the Qin law, studied Confucianism, and divided politics into schools. Vulgar Confucianism is disobedient, often decorated with poems and books, attached to current politics, and the so-called rich and powerful people are also. The most famous scholars at that time were Dong Zhongshu, Jia Yi, Sima Qian, Liu Xiang, Yang Xiong, Zheng Kangcheng and Xu Shen. Sima Qian is a great historian. Confucius' quip was handed down by Dong Zhongshu. Those who fill in the gaps, the ancient ones do not fall to the ground, Kang Zheng succeeds. Xu Shen Gabe was better than the Thai cloud in Europe, and Jesus Christ flourished in Judea at this time, which was hated by Jews, so he killed Christ, and Jesus would become a great country in Europe, from which educators benefited a lot. Christ didn't last for more than 470 years, Rome died for more than 1000 years, and education in Europe declined, so the Knights Order didn't fall into death, which is what westerners call a dark and gloomy era. At that time, China was in the Qi and Liang Dynasties. Mr. Jin was so light and proud, funny and vulgar, and he was often called Laozi, while Buddhism took advantage of the gap to enter China, and the world called him Buddha Laoyun. As for the Tang Dynasty, when the sea was flat, Taizong was ashamed of himself and was interested in learning architecture. The first good capital, set up two halls and six schools. From the inside out, counties are divided into three classes, each of which builds its own school, worships and recruits talents. However, scholars also use poetry and fu, and scholars all over the world contend for articles. Han Yu lamented the stagnation of the avenue, but in Buddhism he was jealous of the world camp and believed in cause and effect. So he made a Buddha and wrote the original Tao, describing the meaning of Tang Yu's three generations, in order to compare himself with Mencius and be ignorant in this world. There were Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan in the Song Dynasty. Zhu Lu was a master of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. Zhu Xue's theory was poor, while Xue Lu's mind was clever and his knowledge was different. They should all explore Buddhism. Because of the invention of Confucius, China's academic integration of body poison and eastern learning was successful, but it was often criticized by the world and scholars were quite shy. Why did Mencius reject Yang Mo and Han? Confucius was very polite to Lao Dan, and he was willing to learn how to be generous. Daxiang was Confucius' teacher at the age of seven. Confucius is not ashamed, but the master does not learn. Stone bases become mountains, water scatters into the sea, and learning is integrated. As for the Yuan Dynasty, it was martial arts. I was too busy to get an education and fell behind academically. Wang Shouren's theory of conscience in Ming Dynasty is quite close to that of Lu Jiuyuan and Lu Xuefu. The words of the world, Wang scholars, are fine; Scholar Zhu is king. At that time, there were Mai Zhiai, Willy Beruna, Gebini and Garth Jagla in Germany, Eni in France, Tagebury in Dan and Bacon in England. Since then, scientific steam has become more and more popular in Europe and the West. During the Ming Dynasty, Matteo Ricci came to China with Christianity, followed by Xu Guangqi, which was the beginning of the introduction of western learning into China. Qingxing, the order of inheriting the Ming Dynasty, is respected by the imperial court, and those who support Zhu are regarded as apostasies, and the six arts are eclectic. The examiner also followed Zhu's note, and those who have different opinions and new ideas can't be recommended by some departments, so give up. Since Ganjia, the world has been peaceful for a long time, and scholars like to study classics and exegesis. It is called sinology, and it is the most prosperous between Jianghuai. Scholars often call Zheng Kangcheng and Zhu Xue less declining! Liu, the second Zhuangzi in Changzhou, studied The Spring and Autumn Ram. He likes to say something about the great sense of honor, and changed his name from the ancient prose of the Eastern Han Dynasty to a modern writer, which means that he studied the doctor of the Western Han Dynasty. Cabbage, Shaoyang used Liu's method to write essays, and the world's characters and today's essay writers flourished. Hunan, Zeng Guofan, Liu Rong, etc. all talked about Hunan's Zhu Xue, which was the basis of the Hongyang Rebellion. Jiang Yili, Yang Changzhuo, Li and Li Xuyi were all Zenan's disciples and later became famous ministers. Isn't this their effect? So from an academic point of view, no one is more prosperous than this dynasty! When the emperor appeared, the sea ban was wide open, and he traded with Europe and the West, so western learning gradually entered China. At that time, the literati thought that it was quite easy to specialize in Taoism because it was not enough to learn. Since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the national situation has been shrinking day by day, and people with lofty ideals are eager to learn from the West and study in Britain, Japan, Germany, France and the United States, ranging from thousands to dozens. When China was one year old, he was in trouble, so he set up universities in Shi Jing and higher or secondary schools in all provinces. Nanpi Zhang established Liangjiang Normal School in the south of the Yangtze River. The establishment of the Chinese Normal School started with Liangjiang and employed Japanese teachers 1 1 person. It was a perfect combination of Chinese and Western cultures and took Japan as the subject. China, the first Japanese teacher, was close to Sui and Tang Dynasties, and later he especially liked Wang Shouren. During the Meiji Restoration, Europe and the West were ruled by one law, Wang Xueyi was heavily occupied, Ryukyu was conquered by the south, and Russia was strengthened by the west, so it became a global power and suffered from Britain and Germany. From this perspective, if you have a degree, if you don't have a degree, the source of strength and the chance of survival are not important. Europe and America are thriving and are annexing East Asia, covering the whole world. Is it because they are educated? However, the prosperity of education in Europe and America actually began with Bacon and Descartes. The determination of the system is self-sufficient; Lu Keqian gave everyone the most education, and modern scholars compromised Meng William's education. In hundreds of years, there are ten celebrities, which is difficult to build! These two rivers are located in the south of the Yangtze River and Jiangxi Province. Since this dynasty, Cheng Yanzhou in Jiangning, Ruan Yuan, Yangzhou, Duan Yucai in Jintan, Gaoyou Wang Niansun, Changzhou, Hong, Zhuang Cunyu, Liu, Changzhou Song Xiangfeng, Wang Bi, Wang Yong, Dai Zhen, Ling Yan, etc. in the emblem are all famous literati and scholars. Therefore, China's literary words must be the number in the southeast. Today, dropouts, children of non-gentlemen, that is, learning after the village, I hope I won't forget to drown in old news first, and my ambition is to be mechanics, and to be Bacon and Descartes of China? Kumnusil? Lu keqian? Fei Xi, Wilmenye? The country depends on it! "
Southeast culture? 1988 Phase III