1. The "direct theoretical basis" pursued by various schools in the new curriculum reform should be the theoretical basis of curriculum and teaching theory. It is a curriculum and teaching theory with the characteristics of China and the times, under the guidance of Marxist educational thought and based on Marxist philosophical epistemology.
2. As for the position of "modern western new theories" such as post-modernism, constructivism, pragmatism and multiple intelligence theory in the new curriculum reform, and their relationship with Marxist epistemology and individual all-round development theory, we should interpret, criticize, transform and learn from these "new theories" under the guidance of Marxism, and we can neither simply exclude them nor simply apply them. Not to mention that they are the theoretical basis of the new curriculum reform in China. At present, theoretical circles at home and abroad, especially philosophical circles, have realized that these western philosophical thoughts have great limitations such as relativism, nihilism and pluralism while opposing the essentialism, objectivism and rational arbitrariness of scientism.
Therefore, there is no definite answer to this question, and the education newspaper has also published articles for debate.