There are many factors involved in classroom teaching research. Some people have abstracted and summarized many complicated factors and provided a concise and universally recognized basic framework. This framework mainly consists of the following three groups of variables.
Figure 1 —— 1: the basic framework for studying effective teaching.
Source: Kyriacou, Chris, EffectiveTeachinginSchools, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.p. 10.
Environmental variables refer to the characteristics of the learning environment (in this case, classroom teaching) that have a certain impact on the success of learning activities.
Process variables refer to the characteristics of teachers and students' classroom behaviors, learning tasks and learning activities that have an impact on the results of learning activities.
The outcome variable refers to the expected educational achievements of teachers, and teachers can make teaching activity plans accordingly, which can be measured by the goals and standards of effective teaching.
Teaching research is a process of selectively evaluating and describing several environmental variables, process variables and result variables, and revealing the direct or indirect correlation and causality between variables. Sometimes it is also required to make necessary generalizations at the level of description and explanation in order to discover or establish some general theoretical norms. The paradigms followed mainly include "process-result" paradigm and classroom ecology paradigm.
The "environmental variables" in this framework involve many factors, including teachers' knowledge, skills, values, personality characteristics, students' age characteristics, existing knowledge and experience, teaching materials and other teaching media, teaching facilities and equipment, class organization, school tradition and the political, economic and cultural environment faced by the community. It is far-fetched to say that the personal qualities of teachers and students are "environmental" factors. We can generalize them as resource variables and develop and utilize them in teaching activities.