Gu Zhichuan, Curriculum Research Institute
(Transferred from People's Education Network)
First, the writing intention of the unit
The teaching content of this unit is reading ancient poems. The text chooses five ancient poems in the last lesson, and the other four lessons are ancient travel notes or places of interest.
It is a common affair in the life of ancient literati in China to browse scenic spots and record what they see and feel with beautiful words. Therefore, landscape travel prose has a unique position in the history of China literature. The selected travel notes of mountains and rivers in this unit are all famous ones that have always been told, which can represent the characteristics of China's landscape literature. In the story of Xiaoshitang, Liu Zongyuan combined his life experience, thoughts and feelings with the description of the natural scenery of Xiaoshitang, expressed his misfortune and poured out his resentment and anguish through the beautiful scenery abandoned in a remote place. The Story of Yueyang Tower also goes beyond the narrow realm of simply writing landscapes and architectural scenery, and combines the dark changes of nature and rain with the "feeling of seeing things" of "moving guests", thus focusing on discussing political ideals and expanding the realm of the article. The author of Zuiweng Pavilion himself admits that "the meaning of Zuiweng Pavilion is not in wine, but between mountains and rivers", and he cares about generosity and kindness and "the joy of the people". Yuan Hongdao, on the other hand, is addicted to mountains and rivers and the beautiful scenery of rural spring. He loves nature and is tired of officialdom, which is the publicity and expression of the author's personality By studying these essays, students can not only cultivate the elegant taste of appreciating the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, but also love the noble feelings of nature. Moreover, the lofty sentiments of people with lofty ideals in ancient times, such as worrying about the country and the people, sharing happiness with the people, suffering and depression of talents, and yearning for spiritual freedom, can also give students a strong humanistic edification.
In writing, these compositions are also very distinctive and can inspire students in many ways. Story of Xiaoshitang adopts the way of sending things to express feelings, while The Story of Yueyang Tower integrates narration, scenery description, discussion and lyric, which not only explains the whole story, but also describes the scenery of the lake. There are both profound discussions by Jingjing and melancholy lyricism. Zuiwengting Ji uses narrative brushwork, but the full text is only over 400 words, but it writes complex and changeable scenery and scenes, while Travel Notes of Man Jing uses simple brushwork, without rhetoric, exaggeration and contrast, but its image is vivid and picturesque. These writing characteristics can be used for reference by students in their own writing. However, in terms of language art, the article is a mixture of arrogance and dispersion, with single-line scattered sentences as the mainstay, occasionally arrogant and scattered short sentences, fluent and concise, cadence and cadence, full of rhythmic beauty. Words and phrases are mixed with falsehood and falsehood. For example, 265,438+0 words "Ye" and 25 words "Er" were used in "Zuiwengting Ji". It is an excellent material to strengthen the reading of ancient Chinese, which has the effect of repeating and singing three sighs.
Five ancient poems selected from five poems have different contents. What Tao Yuanming expressed in Drinking is to abandon his official position and return to his hometown. Self-satisfaction; In "Difficult to Go", Li Bai expressed his sadness that he had no way to be an official; Du Fu's Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage expresses his feelings of being in a leaky hut and being "a poor man in the world". Cen Can's "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Homecoming" sang the heroism of the frontier fortress; Gong Zizhen's Qian Hai Shi Hua expresses Xie Pei's complex feelings of returning from Korea. Different people have different things, but if they are sincere, every word is related to love. These poems are traditional masterpieces, which show the ancient poets' understanding of the times and life and express the poets' feelings and ideals. After reading it, it can still give people a lot of inspiration, and the Chinese curriculum standards for compulsory education require reciting. Students should understand the contents and themes of poems and memorize them.
Second, the text description
The Collection of Short Stories is the fourth of Liu Zongyuan's Eight Notes on Yongzhou. The full text is less than 200 words, but it clearly describes the whole process of the author's traveling, browsing, returning, observing people and describing them in detail, and writes the deep and cold scenery and atmosphere of Xiaoshitang and its surrounding areas. In addition, the author's scenery writing also conveys the author's lonely and sad mood in his relegated life, which is a masterpiece of scene blending. The full text is lonely and quiet, gloomy, seemingly writing about scenery, but in fact it is written about the heart. Although there are only a few words to describe the fish in the pond, the clarity of the pond water and the physical and mental posture of the fish are extremely accurate. In addition, the writing style of the fish swimming in the pond is also wonderful. It doesn't involve water, and fish is "if there is nowhere to swim in the air". It is clear and transparent, vivid and vivid, with profound artistic conception, amazing and amazing.
The Story of Yueyang Tower was written by Fan Zhongyan for the rebuilt Yueyang Tower at the invitation of his old friend Teng. In concise language, the author solemnly narrated the whole story and accurately described the grand occasion of Dongting Lake. . It emphasizes the artistic conception of "one sorrow and one joy" and puts forward the lofty ideal of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later". Behind Yi Shan Ji Shui is the infatuation that the author's concern for the country and the people will not change after the failure of political reform.
Zuiweng Pavilion is the work of Ouyang Xiu when he was relegated to Chuzhou. The author was demoted for his participation in political reform, but he showed optimistic and open-minded feelings. He loves mountains and rivers, enjoys happiness with the people, practices the Confucian social ideal of kindness with his own actions, and integrates his love for mountains and rivers with the people in this poem, which is picturesque.
Man Jing's Travel Notes is a travel note. With fresh and natural language, I wrote what I saw and felt during the outing, described the beautiful scenery in the early spring in the north, and expressed the author's interest in sending feelings to the mountains and rivers. Its vivid contrast, vivid description and delicate feeling are unexpected and reasonable.
Drinking in Five Words is an impromptu drunken work by Tao Yuanming after he abandoned his official position and returned to his hometown. He wrote his own feelings about the world and life with the title of Drinking. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" is a quip, which achieves the unity of things and me. Be told through the ages. "Difficult to Walk" mainly expresses the author's feeling that his talent has not been satisfied. There is no lack of heroism in grief and indignation, but there is still hope in setbacks. The song "Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage" was written by Du Fu on the Anhua River in the western suburbs of Chengdu. A storm hit his cabin and touched the author's consistent feelings of worrying about the country and the people, so he wrote this poem. This poem begins with a description and is completely realistic. The strength of autumn wind and autumn rain, poverty and wandering life failed to crush the author. The poet cheered up from his meditation and shouted, "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and the poor people in the world are happy." The poet's kind heart is presented to the readers. Snow White Farewell to Wu Gui, a famous frontier poem in Tang Dynasty. The main contents of the poem are "singing snow" and "seeing off" With the poet's magical metaphor and meticulous description, it depicts the magnificent scenery of the snowy areas in the western regions, just like the present. And the author's heroic style, positive and optimistic feelings, even when writing farewell melancholy scenes, we can still feel it. Gong Zizhen was not taken seriously in politics, and her official position was humble, so her ambition could not be displayed. He quit his job and wrote a series of poems on his way back to his hometown, namely "Helping the Sea". The songs chosen are mainly about the feeling of leaving Beijing. Although with "mighty sorrow", it means that we still have to make final efforts for the country and the people.
Third, discussion and practice
The discussion and exercises are designed according to the teaching purpose of this unit and the characteristics of the selected text.
First of all, the design of discussion and practice in this unit emphasizes the content of recitation. For example, the story of Xiaoshitang requires "reciting the full text". "Tell me about the order of writing, which features of Xiaoshitang are captured? What is the author's overall feeling about Xiaoshitang? " ; Yueyang Tower requires "reading and reciting the full text with emotion", and the content of the word "different" is described in two sentences: "Looking at the feeling of things, you can get nothing unusual" and "the heart of the ancients, or the difference between the two". "Zuiwengting Ji" requires "reading the whole text" (pay attention to the use of 2 1 "ye" in the text, which has the function of expressing judgment and relieving tone, so read its taste). The purpose of designing this kind of recitation questions is firstly to implement the requirements of "Chinese Curriculum Standard for Full-time Compulsory Education (Experimental Draft)" on reciting ancient Chinese, and secondly to help students perceive the ideological content of the text as a whole. Therefore, most of these exercises are not a single requirement, and they should be closely combined with text understanding.
Secondly, the discussion and practice design of this unit pay more attention to let students taste the language characteristics of the text. For example, in Xiaoshitang, students are asked to carefully taste a paragraph describing the fish in the pond; "Zuiweng Pavilion" requires students to find out the key sentences and talk about their own understanding; "Yueyang Tower" makes students think about the meaning of "worrying about the world first, and then enjoying the world later"; "Man Bing Travels" requires understanding the characteristics of the scenery written in the article and finding metaphors. Five poems let students compare drinking with it's hard to go, the hut is broken by autumn wind and a white snow is saying goodbye to Tian Wen Wu's home. Strengthening the taste of text language is an effective way to improve students' aesthetic taste and cultural taste, so it is strengthened through practice.
Thirdly, the discussion and practice design of this unit also pay attention to expanding students' thinking and design some expanding exercises. For example, the third topic of Little Stone Pond, "You have learned a lot of ancient poems describing landscapes, try to extract famous sentences describing landscapes and choose one or two sentences to appreciate"; The third topic of Zuiweng Pavilion is attached with the words Rui and Xian, which was adapted from Zuiweng Pavilion by Huang Tingjian, a writer in the Song Dynasty. Ask the students to compare and write a paragraph and briefly talk about their own ideas. The last question in Five Poems requires students to communicate with their classmates by saying that "falling red is not a heartless thing, but turning it into spring mud to protect flowers", which is an expanding topic.
Fourth, the problems that should be paid attention to in teaching.
First, attach importance to reading teaching, experience the sense of language in reading, and grasp the artistic style of the ideological connotation of the works. Reading aloud is a key link in the teaching of ancient poetry. Only when students can read fluently can they really master the content of the text. Moreover, reading itself can make students feel the beauty of the works and be influenced and infected by beauty. Ask students to read aloud, not by rote, but naturally on the basis of understanding. Junior high school students have a certain understanding ability, which can lead to topics by combining related anecdotes and increase students' interest; You can also use relevant audio-visual materials to stimulate students' reading enthusiasm; Students can also understand the main points of the content, or master some particularly beautiful sentences first, and then recite them step by step. In short, we should use flexible and diverse methods to stimulate students' interest in reading.
Second, pay attention to comparative reading, and enhance the understanding of the text in comparative reading. This comparison can be the comparison between several articles in the class, such as the comparison of scenery writing in various articles of landscape travel notes, the comparison of the author's writing background or the thoughts and feelings of his works, and so on. It can also be a comparison between in-class content and extracurricular related content, such as the writing method of landscape travel prose in the text and the writing method of such prose selected in the self-study textbook after class, or the comparison between landscape travel prose in the text and similar landscape poems after class. In this comparison, teachers should give priority to guidance, mobilize students' enthusiasm as much as possible, let students participate in classroom discussions and inspire each other in the discussion.
Third, in addition to comparative reading in class, we can also engage in some expanding Chinese activities. For example, organize a spring outing or an autumn outing, and let students write a travel note modeled on the text they have learned; By using books and materials (including audio-visual materials), this paper makes a comprehensive discussion around the cultural or natural landscapes such as Zuiweng Pavilion and Yueyang Tower, so as to expand students' horizons and thinking breadth, let them understand the text under the macro-cultural background, and try to write some lyrical words by learning from the way the ancients felt nature and expressed their emotions. You can also organize an ancient poetry reading contest (not limited to what you have learned) and perform some poems with strong plots in the form of poetic dramas (such as "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind").
Comprehensive learning of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
"Writing, oral communication and comprehensive learning" in this unit is a small comprehensive learning activity. This activity provides four activities related to tourism culture to stimulate students' interest in active participation. Through this activity, students will be guided to further broaden their horizons, experience the close connection between Chinese learning and social real life, establish the learning concept of "big Chinese", and learn and use Chinese everywhere in their lives. "Hometown scenery is unique" requires students to write a travel note and introduce the scenic spots and cultural landscapes of their hometown through field trips. "How much do you know about famous mountains and rivers" requires organizing a knowledge contest about famous mountains and rivers in combination with the geographical knowledge you have learned. "Simulated tourism is interesting". Students should be simulated to be tour guides of 1 1 western provinces and cities, and introduce the scenic spots and landscapes in the western region. The above three activities all reflect the characteristics of interdisciplinary learning, that is, the organic combination of Chinese studies with geography, history and other disciplines. The Ancient and Modern Examination of Landscape Poetry requires students to go to the library and search online, study a scenic spot they are familiar with and like, look at the famous sentences and couplets of these scenic spots in ancient and modern times, further experience the glory of China's landscape culture, feel the richness of couplets describing scenic spots in ancient and modern times, feel the literary image, develop their thinking ability, and thus be influenced by emotions, attitudes and values, and cultivate the idea of loving excellent traditional culture. At the same time, through these activities, students can master the basic methods of conducting on-the-spot investigation around a certain topic and finding relevant materials, accumulate famous sayings and aphorisms, develop their language ability and cultivate their writing and oral communication skills. Stimulate students' enthusiasm and ability to learn and use Chinese in life through activities, establish students' self-confidence, let students experience the joy of success by participating in knowledge contests and being tour guides, and cultivate the ability of communication and cooperation.