Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland on 1867. She is the youngest of five children. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with limited income, and her mother is also a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother has a serious infectious disease and is taken care of by her sister. Later, my mother and elder sister died when she was less than 10 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character since she was a child.
Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and special hobbies. She never misses any learning opportunities easily, and shows tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old, graduated from high school with a gold medal. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and his thirst for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply nurtured little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasies. She is eager to explore the scientific world. But her family at that time did not allow her to go to college. /kloc-started to be a tutor for a long time at the age of 0/9, and taught himself various subjects at the same time. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong thirst for knowledge, she listened carefully to every class. Hard work has made her worse and worse, but her academic performance has always been among the best, which not only envied her classmates, but also surprised her professors. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the Bachelor of Physics exam, ranking first among 30 candidates. The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the second place.
At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project of various steels proposed by the French National Association for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met pierre curie, a teacher of Physical Chemistry School, who is a very successful young scientist. They are United by the common desire to use science to benefit mankind. After Mary got married, people addressed her as Madame Curie. 1896, Madame Curie finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. In the second year, she completed the research on the magnetism of various steels. However, she is not satisfied with her achievements, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Stand at a new starting line.
Second, the light of radium.
1896, French physicist becquerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability to automatically and continuously emit a kind of invisible ray. This kind of ray is different from ordinary light, it can make photographic film sensitive through black paper, and it is also different from X-ray discovered by Roentgen. Without high vacuum gas discharge and high voltage, uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed the discovery of radioactive element radium, one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.
In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions.
Madame Curie made a comprehensive investigation of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that elements can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also the common characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation". According to the experimental results, she also predicted that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; Minerals that do not contain uranium and thorium must not be radioactive. The instrument inspection completely verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements, concentrated on those that were radioactive, and accurately measured the radioactive intensity of elements. In the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of a pitchblende is much higher than expected, which shows that the mineral in the experiment contains a new unknown radioactive element, and the content of this element must be very small, because this mineral has already been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She resolutely published her findings in the experimental report and tried to prove it through experiments. At this critical moment, her husband, pierre curie, also realized the importance of his wife's discovery, and stopped studying crystals to study this new element with her. After several months' efforts, they separated a substance mixed with bismuth from the ore, which was far more radioactive than uranium, and was later listed as polonium No.84 in the periodic table of elements. A few months later, they discovered another new element and named it radium. However, the Curies did not immediately get the joy of success. When they got a little compound of new elements, they found that the initial estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the content of radium in ore is less than one millionth. Because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace radium salts are hundreds of times more radioactive than uranium.
The road to science has never been smooth. For centuries, the discovery of polonium and radium and the characteristics of these new radioactive elements have shaken some basic theories and concepts. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter, and atoms are inseparable and unchangeable. According to the traditional view, the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium cannot be explained. Therefore, both physicists and chemists are interested in Madame Curie's research work, but they all have doubts in their hearts. Chemists in particular are more rigorous. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and further study the properties of radium, the Curies must separate more and purer radium salts from asphalt ore.
All the unknown worlds are mysterious. At the beginning of the study of separating new elements, they didn't know any chemical properties of the new elements. The only clue to find a new element is that it is highly radioactive. Based on this, they created a new chemical analysis method. But they have no money, no real laboratory, only some simple instruments they bought or designed themselves. In order to work efficiently, they conducted research separately. The characteristics of radium are determined by Mr. Curie's experiments; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salt.
Where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be revealed by those who stubbornly solve it. At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is white crystal shining like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells are quickly destroyed once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.
Third, a heart of gold.
Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science, without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also donated their Nobel Prizes to others.
1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to realize their common scientific ambition. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University. When the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10, Madame Curie finished the book Radioactivity Monograph. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 10 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!
19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 50 years since 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, in order to provide for her sister's schooling, she was willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she studied in the library every night in order to save fuel and heating costs, until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very valuable at that time. They saved money bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie donated radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 654.38+100,000 gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment.
1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to study in France. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the roots of polonium are the same as those of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.
On July 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. During her lifetime, she won 10 famous awards including the Nobel Prize, and 16 medals awarded by international advanced academic institutions. Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 100 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Of all the celebrities I know, Madame Curie is the only one who has not been overwhelmed by fame."
Responder: yyfreeliang- fiend 17 level 5-7 10:22.
In today's world, I'm afraid there are not many people who don't know Madame Curie. As an outstanding female scientist, Madame Curie won the highest scientific laurels in two different disciplines-the Nobel Prize in Physics and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in just eight years, and also won numerous other scientific honors in her life, which can be described as extraordinary wisdom and fruitful results. Madame Curie's biography was written by Madame Curie's youngest daughter, Eve Curie, three years after her mother died. This biography describes Madame Curie's life in detail, and also introduces the deeds of her husband pierre curie, and focuses on the working spirit and attitude of the Curie couple. Many letters and diaries of the Curies are quoted in the book. At the end of the book are the prizes and medals won by Madame Curie and the honorary titles won. Madame Curie's chronology is a very detailed personal record. The book is vivid and fluent, and it was welcomed by readers as soon as it was published. It has been translated into 27 languages and distributed all over the world.
Madame Curie made outstanding contributions to mankind all her life. As a great woman, she has won the love and admiration of people all over the world. Madame Curie is a model of women. No one decided to let a beautiful and delicate woman like her bear the cross of science. However, she went so resolutely that she left an eternal name in human history. The world should be proud of having such a woman. All women should read her biography, and they are sure to learn something from it.
The extraordinary life of a great woman who influenced the course of the world.
A detailed biography of a scientist
Madame Curie was a real scientist, and all the honors, money and disasters disappeared under her scientific light. Eve Curie said of his mother: "She refused wealth all her life and turned a blind eye to honor. She is strict with herself by nature and does not show her edge. Therefore, it is impossible for her to take any attitude of seeking fame and reputation, neither showing intimacy nor pretending to be kind, refusing strictness and pretending to be humble. She doesn't know how to make herself famous. Marie Curie's innate qualities are: unswerving personality, persistent efforts in intelligence; Self-sacrifice spirit that only contributes everything and does not know to accept any benefits; Especially a very pure soul, not proud of success, will not be bent by disaster. All this is more valuable than her work or colorful life. "
1935165438+1On October 23rd, Einstein spoke highly of Madame Curie's life at the memorial meeting held at the Rorich Museum in new york, USA.
Einstein said with excitement and full respect: "When a noble figure like Madame Curie ended her life, we should not be satisfied with recalling the contribution that her work made to mankind. The significance of first-class figures to the times and historical process, in terms of moral quality, may be greater than simple intellectual achievements. Even the latter, their dependence on personality is much greater than commonly thought ... "In the nearly 600-word eulogy, Einstein only used more than 30 words to talk about Madame Curie's scientific achievements, and the rest were used to praise her moral strength. It can be seen that Madame Curie not only won two Nobel Prizes for her outstanding scientific contributions, but also left outstanding contributions to the world. Moreover, her noble and upright attitude of returning to nature, modesty and firmness is a lofty moral model that future generations will never forget, inspiring thousands of students to bravely devote themselves to scientific exploration.
The book Biography of Madame Curie reviews the extraordinary life of Madame Curie, a great woman who influenced the world process, and mainly describes Madame Curie's quality, work spirit and attitude towards things. Author Eve Curie tells readers in detail that her mother has not only made outstanding achievements in the field of science, but also set an example for her daughter with noble behavior in her life. She also has many unique methods in educating her daughter. After reading this book, I believe that Madame Curie's patience with difficulties and obstacles and her work spirit will urge us to work hard, and her attitude can also cleanse our hearts.
The greatest scientific achievements in her life can be achieved not only through bold intuition, but also through her enthusiasm and tenacity in working under unimaginable and extremely difficult circumstances ... Even if a small part of Madame Curie's moral strength and enthusiasm exists among European intellectuals, Europe will face a brighter future.
-Einstein
Preface to Madame Curie's Biography Translation
People can't talk about the history of modern science without contacting Madame Curie, one of the pioneers of the atomic energy era. As an outstanding scientist, she has made outstanding contributions all her life and is the first person in the world to win the Nobel Prize twice. As a great woman, she won the sympathy, support and admiration of people all over the world. However, Madame Curie had both successes and hardships in her life. She was born in a Polish teacher's family occupied by Russia. The oppression of the nation, the cold reception of society and the poverty of life inspired her patriotic enthusiasm and fighting spirit. She is determined to study hard and arm herself with knowledge.
189 1 year, she used the money saved as a governess to go from Warsaw to Paris University in France. After hard work, she got a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics in three years and got the opportunity to work in the research room. 1894, she met Mr. Curie, and the ideal of devoting herself to science linked them forever. They live in poverty, but they are very nervous about work and study. 1896, when Madame Curie's eldest daughter Irene gave birth, French Henry Beaucreux discovered the radioactivity of uranium. She read Becquerel's report with great interest and began to systematically explore whether there are other chemical elements with similar radioactivity besides uranium, and then found two new elements with stronger radioactivity than uranium.
Madame Curie never forgot her motherland. She decided to name a newly discovered element "polonium" and another new element "radium" after Poland. Scientific climbing still has a more arduous way to go. They started further research work, but there was no suitable laboratory and other material conditions. They just found a shabby, leaky and tidal shed in the Paris Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and after a little modification, it became their "laboratory". Here, they not only carried out a lot of detailed scientific research, but also engaged in heavy chemical process operations, dissolving, evaporating, separating and purifying from dozens of tons of uranium asphalt mine waste residue countless times. After four years' efforts, we finally extracted a little more than one tenth of pure radium chloride for the first time and determined the atomic weight of radium. Later, we obtained metal radium for the first time. 1903, the University of Paris awarded Madame Curie a doctorate in physics, and won the Nobel Prize in physics together with Mr. Curie and Becquerel.
1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident. Despite her grief, Madame Curie lived and worked with a strong will. She inherited Mr. Curie's lectures at the University of Paris, directed the laboratory work, devoted herself to studying various radioactive elements, and fully assumed the responsibility of supporting Mr. Curie and educating her two daughters.
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After learning about Madame Curie's glorious life, the lessons and inspirations we get from it are profound and extensive. First, as long as the oppressed and trapped people are strong-willed, not afraid of difficulties, study hard and dare to climb, the road to victory and success can be smooth. Second, accept and support new things, engage in scientific research and all other work with innovative spirit, and have indomitable perseverance and courage to complete it. Third, on the road of science, you may sometimes encounter undue oppression and discrimination, but as long as you have confidence and the spirit of down-to-earth selfless work, the shackles and imprisonment of conservatism can be broken. Fourth, in scientific research and other work, certain material conditions are necessary, but it is more important to rely on ourselves to create conditions and always maintain the spirit of hard struggle.
When I went to France to do research work (1937), Madame Curie had already passed away. But I have worked in the Curie laboratory for 10 years, and my teacher is Madame Curie's eldest daughter Irene. Her simple lifestyle, contempt for vanity and enthusiastic care and guidance for young people, as well as the strong atmosphere of academic and democratic discussion in the research room, all inherited Madame Curie's fine tradition, which made me fortunate to receive Madame Curie's academic and moral education indirectly.
Eve Curie wrote this lyrical biography for his mother, so that future generations can know the great scientist's life of self-improvement. We should deeply thank her for her work. (Qian Sanqiang)
Professor Li Yuanzhe of the University of California, Berkeley won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Li Yuanzhe revealed that when he was a junior high school student, his dream was to become a great scientist. It was Madame Curie who prompted him to form the idea of devoting himself to science. The great scientist's hard work and noble sentiment and ideal of loving life have illuminated a bright road for Li Yuanzhe's life journey, and made him set the goal he pursued all his life.
A strong mother
I often talk to young women about Madame Curie's deeds. I think as a woman, a wife and a mother, the path she has taken is very educational.
It takes 20 minutes to get to the cable station from Paris by tram. This is a quiet residential area completely different from the bustling city. There is an authentic Paris Guild Hall in France, so you must go to Paris every time you go. On the boulevard, walking on the nearby stone road with buckeye seems to hear the footsteps of history again. My wife and I often walk here. Here, green trees surround the former residence of Marie Curie and the cemetery of Marie Curie and her husband pierre curie. Marie's second daughter, Eve Curie's masterpiece The Biography of Madame Curie once fascinated me when I was young. Therefore, every time I go here, I feel deja vu.
As we all know, the Curies won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering radium together. 19 1 1 year, Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry alone. She is the only person in the scientific community who can win this award twice.
What I care about is not her achievements, but her career as a great scientist and a strong mother who overcame grief to raise her two daughters.
Eve described this in Madame Curie's Biography:
"Mary never wanted to choose between family life and scientists. She has always placed her wife's love, mother's responsibility and scientific research in the same position, never giving up any of them, and achieved success with great enthusiasm and will. "
Mary's education for her daughter mainly depends on her own exemplary actions. She has a firm belief in life and strives for this belief. She firmly believes that "the power of science will bring progress to mankind". Although there is an era of nuclear weapons in today's science, people no longer place good expectations on all science. However, she was born at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, which was an exciting time for science.
Mary and her husband Pierre are the best collaborators in the research, and they are also harmonious life partners.
Mary suffered many misfortunes in her life: her favorite father died; Sister's child is ill; Abortion of the second child; The husband is weak and sick. In the difficult period that followed, she and her husband had a conversation:
Mary said, "If one of us dies, the one left behind can't live." Pierre replied, "No, you are wrong. No matter what happens, you should continue to engage in research, even if you are depressed and miserable. "
Fate is cruel, and the ending they said finally appeared.
Four years later, her husband died in an unfortunate carriage accident when she was only 38 years old. Despite her grief, she continued to study and raise her daughter according to Pierre's instructions. To this end, began a difficult journey.
Her education for her two children is full of meticulous maternal love and meticulous care. There were several opportunities to leave a large fortune to the children, but she gave it up. She has been struggling in poverty, holding the belief that she must build a life on her own. I quite agree with this practice of not leaving "beautiful fields" for her children and grandchildren.
On Marie Curie's road, I saw an indomitable and persevering human core. I think it is this core that has completed the family education for my daughter.
The main content of family education is that parents let their children know this kind of core through their own attitude towards life, and make it run through their lives and constantly cultivate it.
You know, Madame Curie did not accomplish such a good family education mission by her profound knowledge, but by her "soul" as a mother.
Among ordinary people, I have also met many families whose wives or mothers can overcome sadness and pain and educate their children into outstanding talents. In short, the most important thing is that parents should have a correct attitude towards life. Don't complain, but live in optimism and happiness. As the saying goes, "children grow up watching their parents' backs." "To let children see their backs, we must turn our backs and move forward. Parents should move towards higher goals more fully every day. In this process, the child's life will naturally generate the motivation to live a confident life. " Family education is the most perfect "educating people" and "soul education" in all kinds of education. For children, the best educational environment is in the hearts of parents. The key to solving all educational problems lies in the continuous growth and maturity of parents themselves.