The theory of individual standard prevailed in the first half of 18- 19 century, represented by Rousseau, Locke, Pestalozzi, Froebel and others. Its main viewpoints are as follows: the purpose of education is to make people's nature and instinct develop naturally, attach importance to people's value, personality development and needs, regard people's personality development and needs satisfaction as the value of education, and think that personal value is higher than social value.
Plato is a representative of social standard theory, a great philosopher in ancient Greece, and one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in western philosophy and even the whole western culture. He, his teacher Socrates and his student Aristotle are also called the three sages of Greece. His main educational viewpoint is embodied in the ideal country of his works, and he is the first person to advocate the combination of learning and playing.
The purpose of education is to train the educated to become the general requirement of a certain social need.
The purpose of education is determined according to the requirements of political, economic, production, cultural and scientific development of a certain society and the physical and mental development of the educated. It reflects the requirements of a certain society for the educated, is the starting point and ultimate goal of educational work, and is also the basis for determining educational content, selecting educational methods, and checking and evaluating educational effects.
The aims of education and teaching are universal and special.
The purpose of education is the general requirement of what kind of talents the country trains, which reflects the general demand of social members for education. Teaching purpose is the requirement of realizing educational purpose in teaching field, which reflects the needs of teaching subjects. The purpose of education guides the purpose of teaching, and the purpose of teaching must obey the purpose of education.
Usually, the purpose of education should be transformed into the purpose of teaching, and the needs of society should be concretized into the needs of teaching subjects.
The goal of directional education stipulates the fundamental direction of school education and student development, the fundamental guiding ideology of running a school, the general direction of student development, the starting point and destination of school education, and restricts the whole process.
Schools can only run schools according to educational purposes, otherwise they will deviate from the correct direction of running schools. The purpose of teaching stipulates the function of educational purpose, the basic quality specifications of school education and talent training, and plays a role in selecting, cooperating, adjusting and controlling the contents and activities of school education.
There are many standards to measure the quality of running a school and the quality of students' development, but the fundamental standard is the purpose of education. Generally speaking, the quality of school education that follows and realizes the school education goals is high. On the other hand, if it deviates from the educational purpose, its educational quality can not be high.