The main schools of psychology
First, advocate research consciousness.
(1) structural psychology school-Feng Te and Tieqinna. Basic viewpoints: ① Psychology should study people's direct experience, that is, consciousness, and divide people's experience into three elements: feeling, image and passionate state; (2) Find out the basic elements that make up people's psychology and the laws that make up complex psychological processes by introspective methods. In a word, this school advocates studying consciousness and decomposing consciousness to study its structure.
(2) Functionalist school of psychology-James, Dewey and Angel. Basic viewpoints: ① Advocating the study of consciousness, but not regarding consciousness as a collection of individual psychological elements, but as a continuous process (stream of consciousness; (2) Emphasize that the function of consciousness is to make the body adapt to the environment. Therefore, this school still emphasizes the study of consciousness and pays more attention to the role of consciousness.
(3) Gestalt Psychology-wertheimer, Kohler and Kaufka. This school advocates the overall study of psychological phenomena and opposes the decomposition of consciousness.
(4) Psychoanalysis School-Freud. Freud put forward the subconscious mind; Advocate three levels of personality structure; Advocate the theory of sexual desire.
Second, oppose research consciousness and advocate research behavior.
Behaviorism School-Watson. Basic viewpoints: ① The book Psychology from the Perspective of Behaviorism announced the birth of behaviorism (called "the first revolution"); ② Oppose research consciousness and directly study behavior; ③ Oppose introspection and advocate objective research through experiments.
Third, oppose behaviorism and emphasize the positive role of consciousness.
Modern cognitive school is also called information processing psychology-Naiser and Piaget. Basic viewpoints: ① The publication of the book Cognitive Psychology by American psychologist Nesser indicates that cognitive psychology has become an independent school; (The rise of cognitive psychology is called the "second revolution" in the history of psychological development) ② Emphasis on the initiative of consciousness and the subjective initiative of human beings; ③ Advocating the idea of taking information processing as the core.
Fourth, the theory independent of psychoanalysis and cognitive behaviorism.
Humanistic psychology--rogers and maslow. Humanism attaches importance to people's own value and advocates giving full play to people's potential.
To sum up, the relationship arrangements of these major schools of psychology mostly appear in the form of objective questions, and candidates need to correspond the theoretical names, representative figures and basic viewpoints one by one. Let's do a few questions to consolidate this knowledge.
1. () thinks that learners learn the relative relationship of the whole stimulus scene, not the characteristics of a single stimulus.
A. Gestalt learning theory B. Behaviorism-motivation C. Thorndike's trial and error learning theory D. Simon's narrow psychological theory
1. Answer A. Analysis: Gestalt Psychology advocates studying psychological phenomena as a whole and opposes decomposing consciousness.
2. Different psychological schools have different concerns. Constructivist psychology mainly studies what elements make up a person's psychology. Gestalt psychology school advocates studying psychological phenomena as a whole, while behaviorism school mainly studies ().
A. the role of psychology in adapting to the environment B. the basic elements of consciousness C. the relationship between stimulus and response D. the relationship between environment and people
2. answer C. analysis: the role of option a psychology in adapting to the environment is functionalism; Study the basic elements of option b consciousness with constructivism. Item D: Environmental psychology and ecological psychology study the relationship between environment and people. Behaviorism school mainly studies the relationship between stimulus and response, so this question chooses C.
3. (True or False) Functionalist psychology opposes analyzing consciousness as an element, but emphasizes the significance of psychology as a whole and an organization. ( )
3. answer X. Analysis: Functionalist psychology opposes the analysis of consciousness as an element and emphasizes that psychology is a continuous process.
Social attribute of education
?
1. Education is eternal.
Education is a unique social phenomenon of human beings. As long as human society exists, education exists. Mainly reflected in the demise of education with the demise of "human society", it is not a country or a nation, which is also determined by the sociality of education. The persistence of education is determined by the function of education itself, which is manifested in two aspects:
(1) make the younger generation adapt to the existing productive forces and the function of education as a tool of production struggle;
(2) make the younger generation adapt to the existing relations of production. In class society, education is a tool of class struggle. And these two functions will be reflected in any society.
2. Education is historic.
In different societies or different historical stages of the same society, the nature, purpose and content of education are different. This is because education is not only restricted by the productive forces at that time, but also by the relations of production.
3. Education is relatively independent
The relative independence of education means that education has its own operating rules and development characteristics, which are embodied in the following aspects:
(1) Education is qualitative.
The qualitative stipulation of education lies in that education is a social practice that consciously transmits social experience to the educated to cultivate people.
(2) Education has historical inheritance.
The historical inheritance of education refers to the successive arrival of education in different historical periods. Later education is the inheritance and development of earlier education. Specifically, the historical inheritance of education is mainly manifested in: first, the inheritance of educational content; Secondly, the inheritance of educational methods.
(3) The imbalance between education and the development of social productive forces and political and economic systems.
The development of education and productivity is not completely synchronized with the reform of political and economic system: education is relatively independent of the development level of productivity; Education is relatively independent of political and economic systems.
Confused point
Historicity: Different Views in Different Periods
Historicity means that the purpose and content of education are different in different historical stages. For example, in feudal society, the main content of school education is the Four Books and Five Classics, while in China, the main content of primary and secondary education is the all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor. So historicity emphasizes the differences in different stages.
Historical Inheritance: Similarity in Different Periods
Historical inheritance, from the connotation, it emphasizes inheritance more. For example, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith have been passed down from ancient society to the present, so historical inheritance refers to similarities at different stages.
Exercise:
1. When the country dies, education disappears. (wrong); Analysis: Education is eternal, the country has perished, and human society still exists, so this statement is wrong.
2. The relationship between education and economic development in Japan and South Korea: education is ahead of economic development, which shows that education has (relative independence). Analysis: the development of education and productivity is not completely synchronized with the reform of political and economic system: education is relatively independent of the development level of productivity; Education is relatively independent of political and economic systems.
Note: The above content is the expansion and extension based on the comprehensive knowledge of the textbook. Everyone should take the textbook as the basic point, carefully prepare for the exam, consolidate the knowledge points, master the answering skills, and lay a good job in the 20 19 teacher recruitment exam!
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