Feeling the pain of national subjugation, Huang Zongxi and Gu advocated the wind of textual research, guiding scholars to study ancient documents and exerting their political insights. However, after the storm, Gan Kun decided that under the effective rule of several emperors in the early Qing Dynasty, the country became stronger and stronger. While strictly controlling the intellectual circles, the authorities also think it is necessary to release their talents and use topics to achieve some ulterior purpose. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), the imperial court set up the Siku Library to recruit scholars from all over the world to carry out the vast project of official revision of the Siku encyclopedia. There are 360 librarians, which took 15 years and was completed in 52 years of Qianlong (1787). This masterpiece initiated another school ("Gan School").
Dai Zhen, a heavyweight of the Ganjia faction, expounded the gist of the textual research: "If it is difficult to understand, there are still officials who recite a few lines of Yao Dian,' What is it'. If you don't know why the seven star governments are running, you can't leave school ... ""But if you ask for it, there are ten opinions, and there are ten opinions you don't want. The so-called ten-point view must be based on the past but not coherent, and all roads are merged without leaving any discussion. Check carefully and get to the bottom of it. If a husband imitates what it is by hearsay, chooses to judge its superiority by public opinion, determines its theory by empty talk, and believes its spread by isolated evidence, although he can trace its source to the source, he does not witness the guidance of a deep spring and reach the bifurcation by following the root, and does not cover his hands with branches to reach the ten-point view. In order to study the classics, I lost the meaning of' those who don't know don't know', but only added a kind of confusion to argue with those who know. " The key of "ten-point view" lies in the word "(certificate)". Dai Zhen summarized the Elements of Geometry (translated by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi) in Si Ku, saying that the book "has a definition, a public opinion and a proposition". The person who defines it first takes the name used and explains it; Public commentator, for it; If you set a topic, you should say what you want and then set it. ..... Every problem has a method, a solution, a theory and a system. The use of legal vocabulary; Explain the meaning of the problem; On the other hand, he invented the reason; There is also a detour. " His own book "On the Meaning of Mencius" followed this format.
In Europe, France, which has long been ruled by autocratic kings and controlled by conservative Catholic forces, is now surging with a trend of thought called "Desluminaires". Enlightenment thinkers "don't recognize any external authority, no matter what it is." Religion, view of nature, society, national system, everything has been criticized most mercilessly; Everything must defend its existence in front of a rational court, otherwise it will give up the right to exist. " The voluminous L 'Encyclopedia (1751-1780) is the fruitful result of this ideological movement. The writers who participated in the encyclopedia gathered together to make a temporary choice, so there was the saying of "Encyclopedia School". However, if the encyclopedia has a new pursuit of reinvention, then SikuQuanShu with a strict official background reflects a strong retro color (not to mention the "formatting" intention of taking the opportunity to carry out cultural liquidation).
The chaos of Ming and Qing Dynasties can't hide the glory in the history of science. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, Cheng Dawei's Arithmetic Summary, Zhu Zaiyu's Encyclopedia of Music, Xu Guangqi's Encyclopedia of Agriculture, Xu Hongzu's Travel Notes, Song's Heavenly Creations and Fang Yizhi's Notes on Physics all have summative encyclopedias, which represent the acme of traditional science. From the individual case, it did form one peak after another, but on the whole, it did not form a real scale economy. Li Zhizao noticed that westerners "pay attention to it after crossing the country." Peeping into the core and research is also an attempt. China with me for hundreds of years, I have only one person, no teacher, no friends. Since enlightenment is natural. How can this be compared? "(Li Zhizao: please translate the western calendar and other books) Similarly, Qian Daxin also thinks:" Europa's cleverness is not superior to that of Middle-earth, and it was specially taught by his father and son, so it has cleared up for a long time. While China is good at counting, Confucianism is a small skill. ..... China and France are not as good as Europa, because Confucianism doesn't know how many. " (Qian Daxin: Biography of Continuation of Domains, Volume 50) In fact, the real reason is not only "calendar calculation" and "arithmetic"!
As Liang Qichao said: "Any academic development must be open and interesting research, and its research materials must be relatively rich. China people's old idea that "moral success is upward and artistic success is downward" has been passed down for a long time, and it is not easy to be liberated at once. The study of natural objects is not interesting, nor can it be taboo. Scientific invention, why not? But they are all secret, so they can't shine in the end, otherwise they will die if they don't succeed, that is, medical treatment and drugs in Shanghai, for example, have been lost because of secrets, covering a large area. All inventions often happen by accident. Inventors may not be able to tell why, or say it is untrue, they make their inventions public. Most people study them in various ways, and then accidental facts become inevitable laws. This is not because of various public research institutions-if the school studies newspaper reporters, it will not help each other enough, but will prosper. In the Qing Dynasty, Fu An, this was one of the reasons why science could not happen. " (Liang Qichao: An Introduction to Academic Studies in the Qing Dynasty, XXXII) Only astronomical calendar operators "are inherent in the classics and history, so they can develop into princes" (Liang Qichao: An Introduction to Academic Studies in the Qing Dynasty, IX), and few people pay attention to other fields, let alone the overall interests of the (scientific) community.
Before modern times, inventions mainly came from the experience of craftsmen, and many discoveries were made by accident with a keen mind. There may not be any necessary connection between them. China has a large population, and there are certainly many people with rich experience and keen thinking, which ensures China's scale advantage in the field of ancient technology. However, since modern times, the relationship between discovery (science) and invention (technology) has become increasingly close, mainly through hypotheses and controllable experiments to obtain knowledge. Europeans also use patent law and intellectual property rights to cooperate with the social application and interest protection of knowledge. If we still focus on summing up experience, and lack the professional talents of "learning for learning's sake" and the system of encouraging innovation, we will inevitably distance ourselves from the professional and institutionalized western science.
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