Personal profile
Hitler was the head of the German National Socialist Workers' Party (German: National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, abbreviated as NSDAP), that is, the Nazi Party (German: nazia, abbreviated as Nationalsozialismus), the head of the Third Reich and the prime minister of the Empire.
Adolf Hitler [1] Hitler made Germany rapidly powerful after World War I, and was also one of the main initiators of World War II, and a political figure who had a decisive influence on the world historical pattern after the 20th century. Hitler was a world-famous politician and orator. At the same time, he is also an outstanding sophist, psychologist, schemer, strategist, writer, painter, and an adventurous strategist and strategist.
[2] Hitler is a world-famous historical figure. He once brought the Germans to the peak of power and conquest that they had never experienced before, and inserted Nazi party flag from Norway into the Caucasus and Africa; His Nazi spirit caused a surge of racism in Germany and brought savage, crazy and cruel pain to people all over the world. Humans sacrificed tens of millions of lives to subdue this beast. But I have to admit that this is an extraordinary leader. Hitler is regarded as one of the most important figures in the modern history of the world, and Time magazine rated him as one of the most influential figures in the 20th century.
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Hitler's signature1889 At 6: 30 pm on April 20th, a young woman named Clara gave birth to a baby boy in an inn named Bommer in Braunau, Austria, which is located on the river bank because of the border between Austria and Germany. As all three children born before Clara died young, she loved this son very much. This boy is Adolf Hitler.
Adolf's father, alois, is a customs official in the border town of Braunau, the illegitimate child of a 42-year-old peasant woman and a wandering grinder. Adolf's mother is Adolf's father's niece. Alois was 49 when she got married, and the bride just turned 25. This is alois's third marriage. He has been married twice before. Adolf is the fourth child of his marriage. It may also be that this extremely strange birth and blood relationship in the eyes of the world created Hitler's distinctive temperament and character.
childhood
When Adolf Hitler was three years and four months old, he and his father moved to Basso, Bavaria, Germany, where his father would manage an Austrian customs. Living in this German city and playing with German children left a lifelong influence on Hitler. He spoke the southern Bavarian accent he had learned all his life during Basso's time. Hitler in childhood
1895, Hitler was 6 years old, his father was transferred to Linz, and his family moved back to Austria. Adolf Hitler Jr. often became his father's "punching bag". 1896, 7-year-old adolf Hitler moved to the small town of lambach with his father. Hitler is a leader in the new school. But Hitler's father soon got tired of life here. At this time, he found that he had a gift for painting. So he turned to fantasizing about becoming an artist in the future. But his father insisted that his son become a civil servant like him. After graduating from elementary school, Hitler entered a six-year middle school, but after Hitler arrived at this school, in order to make his father give in because of his poor academic performance, his academic performance plummeted, and he failed in the final exam of grade three (equivalent to grade three) because of his failure in mathematics and science. His family sent him to a four-year middle school in Linz. In Hitler's student days, the only person who gave him a strong influence and later proved to be decisive was Dr. Leopold Bojic, a history teacher at Lin Si Middle School.
His hometown is in the German-speaking border area bordering Yugoslavia in the south, where the experience of ethnic disputes made him a fanatical Germanic nationalist. Although Dr. Bojic gave him only an "average" grade in history, he was the only teacher who was warmly praised by Hitler.
1903 65438+ 10 In October, Hitler's father died of chest discomfort while drinking tea in a teahouse. After examination, it was found that it was pleural hemorrhage.
Vienna period
Hitler's family members (4 pieces) 1906 Hitler 17 After his birthday, he took the money given to him by his mother and relatives and went to Vienna for two months. Vienna, the magnificent baroque imperial city of Austria-Hungary, dazzled Hitler. He wandered around the street all day, admiring the magnificent buildings near the ring road with excitement. What he saw in museums, opera houses and theaters dazzled him and fascinated him. At least at this moment, he is convinced that if he wants to achieve something in art, he must go to Vienna to study, so he tries his best to persuade his mother to allow him to go to the art academy in Vienna. 1in the summer of 907, his mother finally agreed that he would come to Vienna to take the entrance examination with 700 kronor extracted from his father's estate, so as to fulfill his dream of becoming a painter. He took two exams, but both failed.
Hitler only had a four-year middle school certificate, so he could not apply for an architecture school (architecture school requires candidates to graduate from high school in six years). He didn't write home, nor did he go home. Instead, I stayed alone in Vienna, closed the door, buried myself in books, listened to operas or wandered around the street blankly. He didn't return to Linz until 10 ended. At this time, Clara, the mother with breast cancer, was dying. 65438+February 2 1, his mother finally passed away.
After his mother died, Hitler was faced with the problem of trying to make a living. Although he is completely independent, he has no skills. He has always despised manual labor and never thought of earning a penny by himself. However, he is not discouraged, but still full of confidence. He bid farewell to his relatives and announced that if he failed, he would never return to his hometown.
1908 February, Hitler returned to Vienna. Vienna at that time was a splendid empire before the Habsburg dynasty was about to fall. But there are also poor people living in slums, dressed in rags and malnourished. Hitler at this time began to be full of critical spirit and rebellious spirit. He is often indignant at the injustice of the world and the oppression of ill-gotten gains by the rich and powerful. After arriving in Vienna, Hitler never tried his best to enter the architecture department, nor did he want to learn any skills or engage in any normal occupation. On the contrary, he would rather do odd jobs-sweeping snow at the station, patting carpets and carrying luggage. In the first year, he lived mainly on his father's inheritance and an orphan's allowance of 25 kroner per month. By 1909, his father's inheritance had been used up, and only 25 kroner of orphan allowance was given every month. He became a total tramp, staying in the long chair in the park at night, or at the door of any house, and filling his hunger with cheap food in the small bar and waiting room during the day.
1909 On Christmas Eve, poor Hitler pawned his last winter coat and lived in a homeless shelter. But soon, encouraged by a friend, Hitler moved into a cheap single apartment and made a living by himself. He stays in his room every day to draw his postcards, which are sold by his friends and sell very well. He also painted some big watercolors for his friends to sell, which sold well. He lives a carefree life with the money earned by painting these paintings and the orphan's fee that he can continue to receive. But not long after, this "painter" who has always been keen on politics turned the reading room of the single apartment into a political club. Hitler talked with the "upper class" among the tenants gathered here and the frustrated among the citizens. According to his needs, he enthusiastically defended all the social and political slogans he endorsed, violently attacked those slogans that led to his failure, and made a simple explanation of the chaotic and complicated social phenomena around him. During this period, Hitler often read pamphlets advocating extreme nationalism and extreme nationalism and anti-Semitism. Hitler also observed the activities of various political parties in Austria. He paid special attention to reading the newspapers and periodicals of the Austrian Social Democratic Party, analyzing its remarks and summing up experience. After repeated deliberation, he finally came to the conclusion that political parties must combine with mass movements and master the art of propaganda among the masses, otherwise they will accomplish nothing. [3]
1965438+In May 2003, Hitler, who was full of enthusiasm for the great German nation, left Vienna and moved to Munich. He wants to find his pursuit there. At this time, he continued to sell paintings for a living. During this time, he often closed the door and plunged into a lot of political books borrowed from the library, and especially focused on Nietzsche's voluntarism.
World War I
Hitler's soldier's card during World War I [4] 19 14 World War I broke out. 1 August, the Kaiser declared war on Russia. On August 3, Hitler immediately wrote to King Ludwig III of Bavaria, pleading with the king to allow him to join the Bavarian army. On August 4th, Hitler was allowed to join the Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16 as a volunteer, and became an army corporal, and served as the head of the regiment. He did so well that he even won the iron cross 1st class Medal. He narrowly escaped death several times, which suddenly gave him a strange belief that he would "shoulder the great responsibility of the world" and he was just waiting for a blockbuster opportunity. Hitler was always extremely serious and sensitive about the purpose of the war and the fate of Germany. He predicted that Germany would fail, because the invisible enemies of the German people-Jews and Marxists-were more dangerous than the enemy's biggest cannon. Finally, Germany lost the war. The Kaiser abdicated and fled to the Netherlands, and Germany signed a surrender agreement at Compiegne station. At that time, Hitler was treating his eyes that were blinded by mustard gas attack on the battlefield in the hospital. When he learned the news, he was like a bolt from the blue and burst into tears. So he saw his future clearly, "decided to join politics" and "be a politician".
Join the German Workers' Party
1918165438+1At the end of October, Hitler was discharged from the hospital and reported to his supplementary battalion stationed in Munich. At this time, the October Revolution swept through Germany and the "Bavarian Socialist Republic" was established in Munich. His battalion is under the control of the Soldiers' Committee. He was so disgusted with this situation that he immediately left Munich to work as a guard in a prison camp near the Austrian border. The following spring, he returned to Munich. At this time, a commission of inquiry was set up there to investigate who was responsible for Munich's short-lived Soviet regime. Hitler provided valuable information to the Committee, which appreciated it and passed it on to the Information Bureau of the Political Department of the Army Military Command. On June 9, the German government was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The peace treaty only allows Germany to maintain a standing army of 654.38 million people, so the authorities attach great importance to the loyalty and reliability of the army and set up some special committees to undertake special missions, report possible political subversive activities in the army and monitor workers' organizations. Adolf Hitler was one of the first soldiers selected to carry out this "reconnaissance" mission. Before starting their mission, Hitler and his comrades-in-arms were sent to a special training class at the University of Munich for training. The teacher found that Hitler was an attentive and eloquent student, so he drew Hitler's superiors' attention to this. In this way, Hitler was soon sent to a group in Munich to give a speech and preach the struggle against dangerous ideas such as pacifism, socialism and democracy. This was an important turning point for Hitler. It was the first time that he was recognized in the political field he wanted to enter, and he himself found that what he had-being good at speaking-was confirmed at once. Photos of Hitler's early years
Hitler's boss appreciated Hitler's talent very much and entrusted him with a special task. 19 19 At the end of July, Hitler was ordered to go to the shelter in Lechfield with other "scouts" to eliminate the Spartan ideological tendency among the German prisoners captured in the war. 19 19 In September, Hitler received an order from the Army Political Department to investigate a small political group calling itself the "German Workers' Party". In this way, Hitler met with the party of only 54 party member as a spy for the first time. The party's program is a hodgepodge of socialism, nationalism and anti-Semitism. Because Hitler was listening to the speech of this small party meeting, he denounced a statement that Bavaria left Prussia and formed the South German Republic with Austria, and he immediately attracted the attention and interest of the participants. Two days later, Hitler suddenly received a postcard informing him that he had been accepted to join the German Workers' Party, which made him feel "angry and funny" at first.
However, after careful consideration, Hitler decided to become the 55th party member of the Party and the 7th member of the Presidium of the Party. Hitler thought that he could transform the party according to his own views and goals, and then he might put his thoughts and frontline experience in Vienna into practice in a political movement. In addition, it also provided him with a guarantee of life. From then on, Hitler took the most decisive step in his life.
Hitler (sitting on the right) took a group photo with his comrades in World War I. After Hitler joined the Workers' Party, he devoted himself enthusiastically to the work of the Party while performing his duties as a "scout". He engaged in various social contacts, published the notice of the Party in the nationalist publication Munich Observer, organized mass gatherings, delivered speeches to publicize himself, and made every effort to expand the influence of the Party. Hitler showed his speech skills at the mass rally and tried his best to incite hatred against the Treaty of Versailles, "November sinners" and Jews to the college students, small business owners and military officers attending the meeting. His speech is easy to understand, so his audience, especially the soldiers in the war, feel very cordial, which also keeps them highly enthusiastic. In this way, the mass rally organized by Hitler quickly became famous. The content of his speech, language talent and eloquent arguments quickly attracted a large number of followers, and the party was deeply impressed by him. The party chairman pushed his way through the crowd and appointed Hitler as "Minister of Propaganda".
When Hitler was in power, he set out to further consolidate his position in the party, and he rearranged the daily management of the party. Then he and the party chairman drafted 25 new party programs, the keynote of which was anti-Semitism, nationalism and "social demands", from which almost everyone except Jews could benefit. In order to attract the masses, he took advantage of the prevalence of nationalism and socialism in Germany at that time and officially renamed the German Workers' Party as the "National Socialist German Workers' Party", that is, the Nazi Party. The party program and the new name of the party were announced to the whole world at the mass meeting on February 24th 1920.
The flag of the Nazi party gave a brief report on this matter, because the press. So Hitler became famous in this place.
1920 on March 3 1 day, Hitler was expelled from the army. He received a demobilization fee of 50 marks, a military uniform, a coat and some underwear. Since then, Hitler has devoted all his energy to the work of the Party. He planned the logo of party flag and the Party, with black, white and red as the background color in party flag, and the logo was swastika. The nationalist symbols and symbols organized by Hitler and the militarized style immediately attracted the ordinary citizens.
Later, with the support of his patrons, Hitler bought the People's Observer in Munich and gave it to the party's own organ. During this period, a group of people from all walks of life who were impressed by Hitler's knowledge, courage and amazing eloquence joined the ranks of the Nazi Party, which suddenly increased the energy of the Nazi Party. Due to Hitler's active activities, the Nazi Party grew rapidly in a year. 1921July, Hitler went to Berlin to establish contact with nationalists in northern Germany and expand the Nazi movement to the whole country. At this time, some people in the Nazi party opposed his leadership. Hitler immediately rushed back to Munich and threatened to quit the Nazi party, forcing the party to agree that he would be the head of state and enjoy the power to command everything. He also revised party constitution, abolished the Party committee, abolished the electoral system, established the "leader principle" and practiced dictatorship. Soon, Hitler became the head of the Nazi Party. 1On October 22nd, the Nazi Party held its first congress in Munich. At this point, Hitler finally transformed a club that was originally devoted to talking about things into a mass organization and became one of the most important and famous members.
Beer hall riot
In the early days of Weimar Republic, the economy was very difficult. After accepting the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to pay huge reparations. In order to guarantee reparations and security in front of Germany, France sent troops to occupy most parts of Germany. The weak German government was unable to resist, so it had to carry out passive resistance, which led to unprecedented inflation, monetary system collapse and economic collapse in Germany. Hitler blamed the disaster on the Weimar Republic and the Treaty of Versailles, as well as Jews and Bolshevism. Finally, Hitler's passive resistance could not continue during the coup in the beer hall initiated by Cournot government, so he had to collapse and be succeeded by Reisman.
As soon as the new Prime Minister took office, he immediately announced the end of the struggle, prepared to resume reparations and reached a settlement with France. However, Reisman's two decisions were protested by the stubborn and conservative German National People's Party and all far-right nationalist groups, and this protest movement was mainly concentrated in Bavaria. Separatist forces there tried to hold a riot against the Berlin government. Sensitive Hitler saw this situation of economic difficulties and political turmoil, which was a good opportunity for him to overthrow the Republic. He wants to use Bavaria as a springboard to seize national power.
Hitler was with ludendorff and others. 1At the end of October, the contradiction between Bavaria and the central government in Berlin intensified. Hitler is determined to take advantage of this contradiction. He asked the Bavarian state government to March into Berlin before it occupied Munich. Hitler thought the timing was in his favor. He insisted on following the example of Italian dictator Mussolini's "March into Rome" to seize power a year ago, and began to plan "March into Berlin" to establish an autocratic regime in which he personally exercised dictatorship. However, the head of the Bavarian government was indecisive and had no intention of acting according to Hitler's wishes. 1923165438+1On the evening of October 8, the three giants of Bavarian state government and other important officials held a rally in Bigblatkeller beer shop in the southern suburbs of Munich. Hitler took the opportunity to lead his 600 stormtroopers, forcibly rushed into the meeting place and fired a shot at the ceiling first. Then Hitler, surrounded by Goering, Hess and others, boarded the platform and shouted: "The national revolution has begun, and now the hall is surrounded. No one can leave without authorization! " "Now that the Bavarian government has collapsed, I will be the leader of Germany from now on!" But Hitler's attempt to raid and hijack Bavaria ended in failure. However, Hitler did not give up. The next day, he discussed countermeasures with ludendorff, the German chief of staff who was forced to participate in it during World War I and was bent on establishing a military dictatorship. He decided to hold a demonstration in Munich to expand publicity and arouse the support of soldiers and residents. So Hitler, together with ludendorff, led a team of more than 2,000 people from the beer hall to Munich. However, they were immediately suppressed by the police. 16 Nazi was killed and Hitler fled the scene. However 1 1 1 was arrested and imprisoned in his villa in Ernst Hanfstaengl, and then the state government ordered the banning of the Nazi party and the closure of the Nazi party newspaper. At this point, Hitler's painstaking attempt to seize power by "marching into Berlin" failed.
My struggle
Mein Kampf, written by Hitler in his coup, failed, but he gained a propaganda capital for himself and his party from this failure. Because the Chief Justice had no principled differences with Hitler on the idea of "nationalism", Hitler was finally sentenced to five years' imprisonment. In fact, Hitler was pardoned only eight months after serving his sentence in prison, and he was not deported. Even during the eight-month prison term, he was given preferential treatment: besides being allowed to enjoy special meals, he was also allowed to live in a sunny and comfortable single cell with two windows. He can communicate freely, receive visiting relatives and friends freely, accept wreaths and congratulations from relatives and friends on his birthday, and enjoy privileges such as taking a secretary, walking outdoors and doing gymnastics. Eat in the lounge at noon, with a swastika flag hanging on the wall, and then talk with Kan Kan. So when Hitler's "serving his sentence" in this prison ended, most of the prison staff became loyal and convinced Nazis.
During his eight months in prison, Hitler dictated the first part of his book "Mein Kampf" to rudolf hess, then he completed his autobiography and expounded his thoughts to eckart, a member of the mysterious organization Thule Society. The book was published in 1925 and 1926 respectively. By 1934, the sales volume was 240,000 copies. By the end of World War II, the sales volume or circulation was about10 million copies. Hitler spent several years evading royalties on this book. A total of about 405,500 marks (about 6 million euros today) are owed. After Hitler became prime minister, his recovery of tax arrears was put on hold. The copyright of Mein Kampf was claimed by the Bavarian Free State to 20 15 12 3 1. Nowadays, the publication of this book in Germany is limited to academic research and annotated versions. This book comprehensively collects nationalism, imperialism, racism, anti-Semitism and anti-democratic thoughts. Anti-Semitism is a main thread throughout the book. He believes that Jews and Slavs are inferior races, while Aryans are superior races, so they have the right to conquer and rule other races. Another idea of this book is to advocate revenge. Hitler declared that he must tear up the Treaty of Versailles and settle accounts with France, the sworn enemy of the German people. He claimed that the humiliation and hatred brought by the peace treaty to Germany had been deeply imprinted in the hearts of 60 million men and women and turned into a spreading flame. Publicity and external expansion is another theme of this book. Seize the living space, expand the territory and conquer the world. He declared that "he will look to the countries in the East" and "what cannot be obtained by peaceful means will be seized by fists." In his book, Hitler also attacked parliamentary democracy, propagated autocratic rule, opposed Marxism and propagated fascist theory. Mein Kampf is regarded as the theory and program of action of fascism and the bible of the Nazi Party. It painted a charming color for Hitler and catered to the widespread resentment in Germany at that time, so it was widely circulated during the Nazi regime.
High-definition photos of Hitler (14) At present, some historical researchers in Germany plan to reprint the autobiography "Mein Kampf" by the German Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. German officials have banned the publication of this book at present. The Bavarian government of Germany, which has owned the copyright of Mein Kampf since World War II, has no intention to "lift the ban" so far. After World War II, the German government banned the publication of this book. Moreover, except for educational or research purposes, Germany also prohibits the reproduction of other Nazi symbols.
Ediet Raim, a researcher at the Institute of Contemporary History in Munich, Germany, said on the 4th that the institute plans to republish the annotated version of Mein Kampf after the copyright expires at the end of 20 15. The Central Committee of German Jews put forward a similar idea in 2008. Raim believes that the purpose of the second edition of Mein Kampf is to help people guard against the dangers of Nazi ideas, not to publicize them. And it will not affect the current generation, and it is an important book in the socialist period of the country and should be available for people to consult. Researchers believe that this book reflects the early development of Hitler's Nazi thought.
Mein Kampf was first published on 1925. 1933 after Hitler came to power, this book became a textbook for primary and secondary schools in Germany.
Rebuild the Nazi party
Hitler realized his own truth from the failure of the riot in the beer hall: that is, the rulers on the stage cannot be deprived of their power through a coup. On the contrary, they can only gain political power by cooperating with them, and they should make full use of all legal conditions provided by the Constitution of the Republic to seize political power and eradicate the Republic. So, 192510.4, after he got out of prison, he visited the Bavarian Prime Minister, admitted that the coup in 1923 was a mistake, and promised to abide by the law in the future. The prime minister then got the impression that this fierce beast has now been "tamed" and people can relax their tight strings. In this way, in February, the Bavarian government lifted the ban on the Nazi Party and its organ newspaper People's Observer. On February 26th, People's Observer was officially reissued. On February 27th, the Nazi Party was formally rebuilt, and Hitler gained the position of dictator, but he was forbidden to speak in public.
People's Observer [5] At this time, due to Germany's monetary reform, US dollar capital flowed in one after another. Therefore, the economy is recovering and developing rapidly, and the domestic political situation tends to be stable. This is very unfavorable to Hitler's Nazi movement. Then it can be said that the Nazi movement entered a low ebb. But Hitler was not discouraged by the weakness of his own party. He is still indomitable and has not lost hope and confidence. On the one hand, he used the time when he could not speak publicly to concentrate on writing the last part of Mein Kampf and thinking about the Nazi Party and his future. On the other hand, he gave full play to his organizational skills and established a set of complicated inner-party institutions in the Nazi Party. In order to expand his influence and attract more people, Hitler also established a number of mass organizations. Hitler was hands-on and asked all the small decisions in the party. In this way, by 1928, the Nazi party gradually became a "political party with a group of cadres capable of taking over government affairs." Moreover, the followers of the Nazi Party all share a common belief that "all glory, all loss" and regard their head of state as a widely expected decision-making figure. Just because there is no suitable climate at this time, its internal strength and its own unity have not been revealed, so it is generally ignored by the outside world.
In addition, after experiencing considerable difficulties, Hitler reorganized the stormtroopers into an armed group with hundreds of thousands of members. Its task was to protect rallies held by the Nazi Party, disrupt rallies of other political parties and intimidate those who opposed Hitler. Hitler once again established the SS and asked them to swear allegiance to him.
Gain power through the back door
After being elected German Chancellor, Hitler visited President Hindenburg. 1The economic panic that began on Wall Street at the end of October 1929 spread rapidly, leading to a worldwide economic crisis. Germany's economy was developed in the United States, so it suffered the most. Enterprises closed down, production and sales were depressed, and the number of unemployed people rose sharply, reaching 6 million at the highest. This provided Hitler with an excellent opportunity. He called the economic crisis "the incompetence of the government", which was the result of the government's acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles and war reparations and the implementation of the "socialist" policy, and was the destruction of Germany by the Republic and successive governments. Soon, the economic crisis developed into a national crisis. Due to the economic depression, the national tax revenue has decreased, on the contrary, the expenditure of unemployment benefits has increased rapidly. 1in March, 930, the last government of Weimar Republic finally collapsed because of different opinions on how to balance the national treasury deficit.
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