Lu Feikui (1886- 194 1), whose real name is Kui, whose real name is Bo Hong, whose real name is Shao Cang, was born in Tongxiang, Zhejiang Province, and was a famous educational thinker and practical activist in modern China. Lu Feikui was born in a scholarly family, descended from the general school official of Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty, and his mother was Li Hongzhang's niece. Influenced by the new trend of thought in the late Qing Dynasty, he gave up reading Confucian classics and studied new subjects such as history, geography and arithmetic. From 65438 to 0905, he worked in Shanghai Changming Company and Wen Ming Bookstore. 1908 apply to the Commercial Press for editing; 1909 editor-in-chief of famous education magazine (the first professional education publication in China); 19 12, Lu Feikui founded Zhonghua Book Company, which is another private enterprise with the longest operating history, the largest number of publications and the greatest influence in China after Xia Ruifang founded the Commercial Press in 1897. Lu Feikui served as the director and general manager of Zhonghua Book Company for 30 years. 1965438+In May 2007, China Vocational Education Society was founded with Huang Yanpei and Cai Yuanpei as members of the deliberation department. Lu Feikui attached importance to education all his life and engaged in publishing with the idea of universal education all his life. He not only founded and edited educational journals, but also published a large number of educational works and textbooks for primary and secondary schools, such as Educational Heritage and World Education. He used to be a headmaster and a teacher, and wrote many articles on propaganda and education to save the country. He also actively made suggestions for the education in the late Qing Dynasty, such as advocating vocational education, women's education, reforming the academic system, unifying the national language, and advocating vernacular Chinese. , with novel ideas and innovative spirit, caused a great sensation in Shanghai.
Adhere to the concept of "practical interests"
Created a precedent for "vocational education"
In modern China, there are different opinions about the national education policy, which is hard to reach a conclusion. Lu Feikui began to pay attention to the national education policy from April 19 12. Cai Yuanpei, then the education chief, asked Lu Feikui about the education policy, and Lu Feikui replied that the education policy of the Republic of China should adopt materialism. Later, after reading Cai Yuanpei's New Education Theory, Lu Feikui put forward his own theoretical expression on this issue more clearly. He believes that the formulation of education policy should not go beyond politics, but should conform to the national reality and the world trend. Lu Feikui pointed out that the educational policy of the Republic of China expressed by Cai Yuanpei in "On New Education" should be in five aspects: military citizens, practical interests, civic morality, world outlook and aesthetic feeling, but it did not mention vocational education to make a living, which has great limitations. Therefore, he wrote an article stressing the importance of vocational education to national development, and put forward "materialism" as the guiding principle of vocational education. Soon, Lu Feikui published the article "Utilitarianism should be adopted in the educational policy of the Republic of China", which comprehensively discussed the purpose and function of utilitarianism.
First of all, he proposed that utilitarian vocational education can save the country and help the poor. After the Opium War in modern China, due to the invasion of foreign capitalist forces and the decay of domestic feudal forces, China was on the verge of poverty and gradually moved towards a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which delayed the early modernization of China. In this situation, the advanced elements in China tried to find a way to save the country and the people. Lu Feikui had a profound understanding of this situation in modern China. He believes that the root of a country lies in its economic strength, and poverty is the biggest hidden danger of the country. It is precisely because of China's economic decline and poverty that imperialism has the opportunity to invade wantonly. Therefore, Lu Feikui shouldered the banner of "saving the country through vocational education" and advocated guiding vocational education with the concept of materialism.
Secondly, he thinks that the vocational education with materialism as the guiding ideology is a bridge connecting the "industrious" and "laborers". In China's traditional society, "hard work" and "hard work" are two completely different classes, and Lu Feikui believes that these two classes can communicate with each other, and the bridge is utilitarian education, because with materialism, ordinary people can acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for life, while excellent talents can give full play to their expertise in management and supervision. After analyzing the attributes of China's social stratum structure, he pointed out that although the lower class people are hardworking, they are poor in knowledge; The top elites are weak in nature. Although they have knowledge, they have no ability to make a living. If the opposition between the two classes is not resolved, the fate of the country will be difficult to change.
Finally, vocational education under the guidance of materialism can make people stand on their own feet and cultivate noble personality. In order to cultivate the noble personality of the people, Lu Feikui started from the basic theory of "having enough food and clothing to know honor and disgrace" and advocated that "knowing etiquette after having enough food and clothing is inevitable, and then being hungry and cold will become a thief." Lu Feikui's comprehensive exposition of the purpose and function of materialism broke the misunderstanding of materialism education at that time. Under his influence, the purpose of vocational education in the early years of the Republic of China was clearly materialism, so many industrial schools appeared. It can be said that Lu Feikui's understanding of the purpose and function of materialism initiated China's vocational education thought. Later, some scholars made such an evaluation: "Modern education, which is based on industry and aims at solving the needs of making a living and serving the public, has many names, but its essence is vocational education."
Taking "Vocational Education" as an Opportunity to Promote the Cultivation of "Talents"
It is true that Lu Feikui's concern for vocational education in China greatly improved people's prejudice at that time. However, his understanding of education in China did not stop at vocational education. Lu Feikui believes that vocational education is only an important part of national education and an important way to train necessary talents for the country. To develop education in China, we must also attach importance to national education and talent education. 19 1 1 in, Lu Feikui first put forward the idea of "paying equal attention to national education, talent education and vocational education" when he added the preface to Education magazine, and made a systematic exposition on it in the subsequent article "On Talent Education, Vocational Education and National Education".
Lu Feikui first discussed the reasons for the necessity of setting up vocational education in China. After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Chinese people began to realize that one of the important reasons why Japan, a "small country", was able to prosper rapidly in just a few decades was that the Japanese government attached great importance to popularizing national education. As a result, people began to attach great importance to national education, but ignored the important problem of the lack of national production and life skills. When national education and social education prevailed, China's "talent education and vocational education were almost excluded". Lu Feikui believes that to make people rich, we must first run vocational education. This view is directly related to his profound understanding of the function of vocational education.
Lu Feikui also demonstrated the necessity and possibility of implementing talent education and vocational education from the actual situation of industrial education at that time. If you want to save the nation and survive, you must never leave the "talents" and "money" of industrial education. From the comparison of the three, talent education and vocational education are more important than national education. Then he demonstrated from three aspects that vocational education is the basis of national education and talent education, and developing vocational education is the basis of setting up national education and talent education. The same is true of poor management in middle schools, where no talents have no money; Liao Ruochen, a junior college and vocational school, is short of talents and funds. There are three reasons for the lack of talent funds in the industrial sector and the lack of employees in the enterprises set up. Finally, Lu Feikui draws a conclusion from two aspects: input and effect. Setting up talent education and vocational education costs less than developing national education, and the effect is "big and fast". Based on this, he suggested that at that time, 60% of China's education funds should be used for general education, 20% for talent education and 20% for vocational education.
It should be said that Lu Feikui's establishment of the position of vocational education in China's national education system broke the viewpoint and practice of attaching importance only to national education in the early years of the Republic of China, which had far-reaching influence. While fully affirming vocational education, Lu Feikui did not deny the importance of national education. He clearly expressed this point. He said that national education "educates people for a hundred years, which is a great plan for the country's long-term stability and civilized progress. In particular, we should not despise the consolidation of the foundation and abandon Pepsi and only engage in it." Therefore, vocational education and national education play an extremely important role in social development, and they are both important components of the national education system. Undoubtedly, Lu Feikui's judgment has strong practical significance, and it also shows his comprehensive consideration of the educational system structure in China.
Flaunt "Morality" and Develop the Vision of "Vocational Education"
Lu Feikui was not only an outstanding educational theorist and practitioner in the Republic of China, but also a successful publisher. Because of his persistent pursuit of the publishing industry and firm professional belief, he won a lofty position in the publishing industry at that time, and he educated the people around him with his successful professional practice. While comprehensively discussing vocational education, Lu Feikui also mentioned the important role and significance of professional ethics education. He believes that professional ethics education in all walks of life is an important part of vocational education, and it is necessary to carry out professional ethics education in all walks of life. Therefore, Lu Feikui broadened the vision of vocational education and provided a very valuable reference for the practice of professional ethics education in China.
Lu Feikui has been engaged in the publishing industry all his life, and he has a deep understanding of the moral status quo of the publishing industry and the serious consequences caused by the lack of morality in the publishing industry. Therefore, he particularly emphasized that publishers should strengthen their own personality and moral cultivation. He expressed this appeal in the book "The Cultivation of Booksellers" published by 1922. He believes that the publisher's personality can be noble, the most precious, or the meanest and dirtiest. The key to judge the two lies in conscience, and different consciences will have different consequences. He said, "if we use our brains and efforts to write a valuable book and make contributions to society, people in society will benefit a lot from reading this book invisibly;" On the contrary, if you use a book that teaches obscenity and thieves to contribute to the world, it is worse than killing people with a knife. Therefore, he called on publishers to have a pure heart and a noble heart in order to contribute the most valuable books. Secondly, the author should pay attention to the cultivation of professional ethics. Lu Feikui believes that different books have different influences on people, and the evaluation of books varies from time to time. He admits that books will have different effects on different people, and it is difficult to draw conclusions about the quality of a book. But one thing he thinks is undeniable, that is, books must benefit people. How to make books benefit people? The author shoulders an important mission and responsibility. Therefore, Lu Feikui pointed out that the rise and fall of society, the survival of the country and the level of national personality all depend on writers. The writer's aim is: "to contain temperament, cultivate personality, increase knowledge, create public opinion, eliminate disasters and promote." "Writers can only write books that are beneficial to the public if they pay attention to their usual moral cultivation. Finally, industrialists should strengthen professional ethics education. Secondly, the author should pay attention to the cultivation of professional ethics. Lu Feikui believes that different books have different influences on people, and the evaluation of books varies from time to time. He admits that books will have different effects on different people, and it is difficult to draw conclusions about the quality of a book. But one thing he thinks is undeniable, that is, books must benefit people. How to make books benefit people? The author shoulders an important mission and responsibility. Therefore, Lu Feikui pointed out that the rise and fall of society, the survival of the country and the level of national personality all depend on writers. The writer's aim is: "to contain temperament, cultivate personality, increase knowledge, create public opinion, eliminate disasters and promote." "Writers can only write books that are beneficial to the public if they pay attention to their usual moral cultivation. Finally, industrialists should strengthen professional ethics education.
In the early years of the Republic of China, because people realized the importance of industry, the voice of saving the country by industry was very high. Lu Feikui said: "Those who are interested in industry will cover everything." But it is undeniable that there are fewer winners and more losers. Lu Feikui attributed the reason to the lack of self-cultivation of industrialists. In order to improve the quality of industrialists, starting from 19 15, he published a series of articles, such as the quality of industrialists, the conditions of businessmen, and my views on business talents, calling for strengthening the professional ethics education for industrialists and businessmen. He once expressed the view of industrialists like this: "As far as I can see, I am diligent, honest, harmonious, quiet, enterprising, knowledgeable, skilled, experienced, thrifty and energetic." In addition, Lu Feikui often publishes stories of successful businessmen in magazines such as China Industrial Circle and Jinde Quarterly, which he founded, and introduces the significance and methods of professional ethics cultivation and professional ethics education for businessmen. Lu Feikui's emphasis on professional ethics education in all walks of life shows the comprehensiveness of his vocational education thought. Vocational education includes not only vocational and technical education, but also professional ethics education, which complement each other and cannot be neglected. Lu Feikui's exposition on professional ethics education is also highly targeted. He has a deep understanding of the moral status quo of all walks of life and its consequences, so he can find the methods and steps of professional ethics education according to different occupations. More importantly, Lu Feikui puts the cultivation of personality at the top of professional ethics education. Therefore, it is undoubtedly a progressive concept of vocational education that Lu Feikui attaches importance to professional ethics education and advocates the cultivation of national personality to make vocational education serve the country and the people.