The significance of children's development
1. The meaning of development: development means change, possible further improvement or retrogression. The development mentioned in psychopedagogy refers to the individual development of people, that is, the physical and mental development of everyone.
2. The significance of children's development
Children's development refers to the process of regular quantitative and qualitative changes in physical and psychological aspects during children's growth. Physical development and psychological development are inseparable, and they are also the material basis of psychological development. At the same time, psychological development also has a certain impact on children's physical development. Children's physical development refers to their normal growth and development, while psychological development refers to their cognitive, emotional, will and personality development.
3. Factors related to children's development
Genetic determinism, only from the whole process of children's development, genetic factors play a leading and decisive role.
Environmental determinism emphasizes the role of environment in psychological development, and the reason for children's development lies in education, denying the role of heredity in children's development and exaggerating the role of environment and education.
Look at the factors that affect children's development dialectically and objectively. First, congenital factors are the material basis of individual development, and acquired factors are the conditions for individual development. It is in their interaction that children develop.
Genetic factors are formed by the components of genes in chromosomes and their arrangement and combination characteristics. Genes are the main material basis for the storage, replication and transmission of genetic system. Children acquire the physiological anatomical structure and characteristics of human body through heredity, so children's development is the first genetic quality, which provides a prerequisite for children's physical and mental development. At the same time, the difference of genetic quality is the material basis of the difference of children's physical and mental development. Only through interaction with social environment and education can children's genetic quality have an impact on their development.
Acquired environment and education,
After the birth of a child, the surrounding environment, family, adults who take care of the child and other social ecosystems have great influence on the development of the child. Children develop in the process of direct or indirect interaction with the surrounding ecosystem. The characteristics and qualities of children's psychological development are also developed and formed in the interaction with people and the surrounding environment. Education plays a unique role in children's physical and mental development.
Three characteristics of development
1. Individual development is carried out regularly, which is manifested in individual development, from simple to complex; Individual development must go through the process from general to special; From head to toe, from the middle to all directions.
2. There are individual differences in development, such as language development. Some children can speak clearly in seven or eight months, and some children can only say some simple words when they are almost two years old.
3. Development is staged. Preschool stage can be divided into neonatal period of 0- 1 month, lactation period of 1 month to 1 year, infancy period of 1 year to 3 years, and infancy period of 3 to 6 years or 7 years. Each stage has typical stage characteristics.
Section II Contents of Children's Development
Physiological development of children
1. The average height and weight of a child at birth increases by 50 cm, 24 cm in the first year and 10 to 20 cm every year thereafter. The average weight is 3.2 kilograms, and the weight can be tripled in one year. The newborn child has a strange shape, with a big head, a long trunk and short limbs.
2. Bone and muscle growth
3. The growth of teeth, deciduous teeth began to erupt in seven or eight months. There are about 20 deciduous teeth at the age of two and a half, and the first permanent molars erupt at the age of six.
The development of children's nervous system
The development of children's sensory organs, including vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch, as well as the development of movement and sports ability.
Children's psychological development
The development of intelligence,
The development of language includes the development of vocabulary, grammar, spoken language and written language.
Emotional and social development
Childhood is the fastest period of physical and mental development. Educators should understand the characteristics of children's physical and mental development and educate them in a targeted manner.
The concept of children is people's fundamental view and attitude towards children, which mainly involves children's status and rights, the significance of childhood, children's characteristics and abilities, and the characteristics and reasons of children's growth and development.
Social-oriented view of children
In the past, human beings generally attached importance to children, but only because children were the wealth of clan society or country, the tool of family inheritance and reproduction, and the future labor force and source of soldiers. As full members of independent individual social groups, they were not respected, but subordinate to their parents, without any rights, and even the most basic right to survival could not be guaranteed. There are sand eagles all over the world, for one thing, economic reasons, another, religious reasons, and the third, the traditional concept of fertility.
People-oriented view of children
After the Renaissance, European society began to establish a people-oriented view, and the fate of children changed greatly, and children began to be respected. Children enjoy various rights, such as the right to survival, development and education. This is a Copernican revolution in children's history.
Correct view of children
Children's development is a multi-level interaction and mutual influence process between biological factors and social factors.
Children have the potential for development.
Every child is an independent individual with an independent personality.
Children develop through activities.
Children's physical and mental development should be comprehensive and healthy.
Children's rights to survival, development and education should be respected and protected.
The correct view of children that preschool education in China should have at present.
Children's development is a process of multi-level, mutual combination and interaction between biological factors and social factors.
Development is not isolated and static, but a dynamic development process involving many factors.
Children are the main body of development, and they develop actively in the process of interaction between subject and object, rather than passively.
Children have development potential, and with the interaction of proper education and environment, it is possible to maximize their potential.
Every child is a unique individual, with different levels and speeds of development and different hobbies. Can not be arbitrarily unified according to age or class.
Children develop their knowledge, ability and personality through activities, rather than just sitting there listening or watching what the teacher says and does.
Children's physical and mental aspects are a whole, and their physical, intellectual and aesthetic education are also interrelated. Children should be given a preliminary and comprehensive development from an early age, not isolated, but only focused on one aspect of development.
Children enjoy the right to development, education and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Children's education view
From the perspective of pedagogy, the role of education and teaching in children's development is an external cause. Through the dialectical relationship between internal factors, the leading activities of education and teaching can determine the development process and level of children's psychology.
American educators believe that preschool education has three functions on children's development. The first mode is maintenance, the second mode is promotion, and the third mode is induction.