Professor Jin Yule is the leader of the national key discipline "Curriculum and Teaching Theory", and has made great achievements in curriculum and teaching theory, basic education and multicultural education. He is the author of Modern Curriculum Theory, Postmodern Curriculum Theory, Potential Curriculum Theory (1996), Curriculum Research Methodology, Concept and Innovation of New Curriculum Reform, Case Study of New Curriculum Teaching, etc.
China didn't formally start curriculum research until the end of 1980s, which was mainly influenced by western curriculum theory and curriculum reform in China. The word "course" first appeared in what knowledge is the most valuable? British educator Spencer. In the article. " A course is defined as a course or all courses offered by a school. In addition, curriculum is also defined as discipline and teaching materials, experience, teaching plan, expected learning results or goals, cultural reproduction, teaching content and its process, overall planning of learning activities, and a complex composed of various elements, and nine meanings are not understood. Among them, American educator Dewey is the supporter and leader of the definition of "curriculum is experience". From the viewpoint of "education is growth", he proposed that curriculum design should meet children's needs, instincts and interests. Taking curriculum as experience, in this view, the concept of curriculum emphasizes and highlights the learner's main role and experience in the curriculum. Courses are not outside the learners, nor above them. Learners themselves are the organizers and participants of the course.
Scholars such as bobbitt, Gagne and Popham, the representatives of curriculum theory in North America, support the definition of "curriculum is the expected learning result or goal" from the perspective of behavioral psychology and scientific management principles, and think that curriculum is a set of teaching goals or expected teaching results that educators try to achieve, that is, turning the means of curriculum concern into goals.
Skilbeck and Lawton, British educational sociologists, advocate that the curriculum form and writing method reflecting public culture should be determined through the analysis of social public culture, and regard curriculum as "a means and tool to reproduce social culture".
Professor Jin Yule believes that the orientation of curriculum definition mainly includes four aspects: one is to emphasize the academic orientation of cultural knowledge, the other is to emphasize the technical orientation of process efficiency, the third is to emphasize the individualized orientation of individual experience, and the fourth is to emphasize the socialization orientation of adaptation and reform.
Curriculum theory puts forward that curriculum is the educational experience that students get through school education to promote their all-round physical and mental development. This curriculum definition has five characteristics: experience, integrity, purpose, comprehensiveness and systematicness.
The so-called integration means that a complete course contains both explicit courses and potential courses. Explicit curriculum appears in the form of curriculum plan, curriculum standards and teaching materials, which is a clear expression. The existence and function of potential curriculum is potential, which appears in the form of spiritual atmosphere or external material environment. Comprehensiveness means that the curriculum is a comprehensive system, and knowledge is not the only element in the curriculum content composition system. The course should attach importance to students' personal feelings, psychological experience and social experience.
Curriculum value includes intrinsic value and external function. The intrinsic value of curriculum mainly includes three aspects: cultivating senses, developing mind, passing on knowledge, developing ability and promoting personality perfection. The external function of curriculum also has three aspects: social control, maintaining and transmitting mainstream culture, and promoting students' socialization.
Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, said: "The task of education is not to instill knowledge into the soul, but to turn the soul", which means to promote the growth of students' wisdom through learning and guiding knowledge. It mainly includes two interrelated basic stages: one is to turn knowledge into knowledge, that is, to turn "knowledge" into "knowledge"; But "turning knowledge into wisdom", that is, turning "knowledge" into "wisdom", so that educators can transcend knowledge and move towards wisdom.
Dewey pointed out that personality is more important than knowledge in education, and education is to form a perfect personality. Complete personality education is the value of the course, and it is also the concentrated embodiment and inevitable requirement of quality.
Suhomlinski thinks: "Cognition-this is a life full of thoughts and emotions in many aspects. In the process of cognition, a person is in hope, feeling, love and hate. What teachers should care about is to let students establish their own ideological position when they know and experience knowledge. Teachers should turn teaching into the cultivation of opinions, beliefs, pursuits, evaluations and self-evaluations from beginning to end, and take this as their own responsibility. "
According to curriculum theory, the new changes in curriculum value orientation are mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the curriculum content and curriculum knowledge standards are transformed into student development standards; Second, change the predetermined and closed nature of the course into the generative and open nature of the course; Third, change the unity of curriculum and seek common ground into respect for diversity and individual differences.
Curriculum theory also points out that curriculum has two meanings for human beings: one is to master the external world; The second is to help people transform the real world and realize the ideal world.
? The theme of this chapter is the meaning of the course. This paper comprehensively expounds the origin, development process, representative theories and scholars, curriculum definition, value and function of this course from two aspects, which opens a door for readers to understand the development and formation of this course and provides a theoretical perspective and scientific standard for understanding and understanding the current applied curriculum. ?
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