Animal biotechnology paper 1
Safety monitoring and management of animal biotechnology laboratory
As an important part of teaching and scientific research in colleges and universities, laboratory safety management plays an important role. At present, animal biotechnology laboratories need to use a large number of biological tissues, chemical reagents, instruments and equipment in the experimental process. Safe operation of biological tissues, reasonable return of chemical reagents and correct operation and management of instruments and equipment are the basic conditions for the smooth progress of scientific research. Colleges and universities should strengthen safety education and take active preventive measures to ensure the normal and efficient operation of university laboratories.
Animal Biotechnology Laboratory; Safety management; Instruments and equipment
China Library Classification Number: G482 Document Identification Number: B
Article number:1671-489x (2015)16-0166-03.
With the rapid development of science and technology, more and more universities have established animal biotechnology laboratories to carry out research in this field. Animal biotechnology is based on a large number of experiments, involving a variety of experimental animals, biochemical reagents, instruments and equipment. It is a discipline that emphasizes experimental technology and skills, aiming at cultivating senior scientific and technological talents with basic theoretical knowledge and practical ability in biology, medicine, public health, environmental protection and wildlife protection, genetic engineering, human disease model, pharmaceutical industry, etc., and capable of undertaking frontier innovative research and management of animal biology.
At present, most laboratories lack the management and maintenance of professional technicians. The use of laboratory, personnel flow and internal management have brought many new situations, and its safety problems have been placed in front of people urgently. Therefore, in order for the laboratory to provide services for teaching and scientific research safely, smoothly and efficiently, it is necessary to attach importance to the safety management of the laboratory and prevent problems before they happen.
1 current situation of animal biotechnology laboratory
Since the implementation of the new General Requirements for Laboratory Biosafety (GB 19489-2008) in 2009, the State Administration of Inspection and Quarantine and the Standardization Administration Committee have made a unified implementation plan for the safety facilities and safety management system of biotechnology laboratories [1]. Although the country has always focused on the safety management of university laboratories, and people's awareness of environmental protection and safety is constantly increasing, there are inevitably many problems. For example, the rules and regulations of the laboratory cannot be effectively implemented; Teachers and students have weak safety awareness, chaotic management, nonstandard instrument operation and unreasonable placement of toxic and harmful chemicals; Do not pay attention to the quality inspection and biosafety control of experimental animals, and the facilities and conditions of pathogenic microorganism testing laboratories do not meet the national biosafety laboratory standards; The wastes produced by the experiment were mixed with domestic garbage or poured into sewers without harmless treatment, and the animal tissues and corpses after the experiment were randomly thrown into trash cans; Wait a minute. This has laid a hidden danger for the safety of laboratories and personnel.
Based on this, this paper puts forward some safety management measures for animal biotechnology laboratories to discuss with you.
2 animal biotechnology laboratory safety management improvement measures
Strengthening laboratory safety monitoring is inseparable from the role of people in the construction of talent team, and improving the basic quality of professional and technical personnel is the basis for doing a good job in laboratory management. This requires experimental technicians not only to have a solid theoretical foundation, excellent experimental skills, good moral cultivation and strong management ability, but also to master the safe operation of instruments and equipment and solve various problems in the experiment [2].
In order to meet the above requirements, the following methods can be adopted:
1) Seriously study the laboratory biosafety manual and various rules and regulations of laboratory safety management;
2) Regularly organize professional and technical personnel to carry out training in skills, safe and standardized operation of instruments and equipment, and management of toxic and harmful reagents;
3) Regular drills on emergency treatment and emergency procedures are held in the laboratory, such as proper use of eye washing equipment, proper treatment of wounds, emergency measures for water and electricity safety, emergency escape ability, etc.
4) Schools should strengthen the supervision and assessment of laboratories, and carry out planned management, technical management and economic management of laboratories with a strict and serious scientific attitude. Only in this way can the laboratory be scientific and standardized [3].
Strengthening the Awareness of Biosafety Animal Biotechnology Laboratory is a kind of laboratory in close contact with animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, dogs, sheep, cattle, etc.). ) and animal tissues (cells, blood, fur, excrement, tissues and organs, etc. ). These animals and animal tissues may carry some known or unknown pathogens, which may pollute laboratory technicians and the environment in various ways (air, equipment pollution, careless operation, etc.). It is reported that laboratory-related infections have occurred from time to time in the past decades. For example, in April 2004, the laboratory of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention was infected with SARS coronavirus [1]; 20 1 1 March, 27 students and 1 teacher of Northeast Agricultural University of Heilongjiang Province were infected with brucellosis by using 4 non-quarantine goats for experiments. Therefore, the following safety control measures are proposed.
1) determination of the source of experimental animals and observation before the experiment. The sources of animals purchased by animal biotechnology laboratories must conform to the provisions of the state. The selected animals must be provided by laboratories that meet the requirements of the Management Conditions for Experimental Animals and the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Management of Medical Experimental Animals and have obtained animal quarantine certificates [4]. Before the experiment, we should observe and understand the animals involved in the experiment and master their living habits and feeding requirements; In the pre-experiment, it is necessary to preliminarily evaluate the physiological and anatomical parts of animal tissues, organs, and the response of animals to various therapeutic factors, so as to prevent possible problems in the physical and mental state of animals during the formal experiment and ensure the smooth progress of the experiment.
2) Safe operation during the experiment. First of all, the appearance inspection should be carried out, including: whether the coat color is clean and close to the skin, whether the movement is abnormal, whether the head and face are swollen, whether the back is bulging, whether there are defects in limbs, tail and skin, whether the animals have wheezing, increased nasal secretions and unclean anus. Abnormal appearance is a clinical symptom before the onset of some diseases and an early signal of disease diagnosis. If edema and blisters appear on the lips, limbs and tail of rats, it may be caused by mouse pox virus infection; Torticollis appeared in mice, and the secretion of eyes and nose increased, which may be caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.
Secondly, there should be protective measures during the experiment. According to GB 19489―2004 General Requirements for Laboratory Biosafety, animal biotechnology laboratories should have secondary biosafety protection [5]. The specific requirements are as follows:
① The laboratory shall formulate biosafety manuals and rules and regulations to restrict the entry of non-laboratory personnel;
② Stay away from public areas and be effectively isolated from the outside world;
(3) Hardware facilities include Class II biosafety cabinet, personal protective equipment, workbench (resistant to heat, acid and alkali, corrosion of organic solvents and disinfectants), ventilation system, wash basin, eye washing device and mosquito screen window;
(4) After the experiment, the experimenter should soak his hands with disinfectant, sterilize the work clothes and surgical instruments at high temperature, and turn on the ultraviolet lamp after leaving.
3) Reasonable removal of animal carcasses and tissues. As a kind of waste, animal carcasses should be treated harmlessly. The collection, transportation and harmless treatment of animal carcasses must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements and procedures of veterinary hygiene. During transportation, the carriage should be leak-free and tightly sealed, and small animals should be packed in sealed plastic bags. Commonly used harmless treatment methods include the following. (1) Deep burial treatment: dig a pit with a depth of not less than 2m, which can accommodate animal carcasses lying on its side, in a place far away from residential areas, water sources, flood discharge areas, grasslands and traffic arteries, lay 2-5cm thick quicklime at the bottom of the pit, and then lay 2-5cm thick quicklime on its side, and the soil layer shall be covered with not less than 1.5m thick.
(2) Incineration: This is also the most thorough way to dispose of corpses. Generally, incinerators can be used.
(3) Fermentation treatment: the corpse is put into a special corpse pit, and the corpse is fermented and decomposed by bio-heat, and the pit where the corpse is piled is closed until the corpse is completely decomposed, and then it can be dug out as fertilizer [6].
Strengthen the overall management of equipment and the correct storage of chemical reagents
1) equipment management.
First, clear responsibilities: laboratory managers manage the storage, use and maintenance of instruments.
The second is to classify and identify the instruments, indicating the serial number, name, using department, custodian, etc. Each instrument shall be marked with "qualified", "allowed to use" (those instruments and equipment have lost some functions, but the functions required for testing work are normal and qualified after verification/calibration) and "disabled" [7].
Third, make full use of resources: multiple laboratories share idle equipment to avoid wasting resources.
2) Drug management.
The first is to improve the laboratory management system. Establish a full-time personnel responsibility system, check and register experimental dangerous goods before storage, so as to achieve "four no guarantees" (no theft, no accident, no loss, no violation of regulations and no safety) and "five pairs" (double storage, double receiving, double receiving, double door lock and double account) [8-9].
Relevant departments of the school regularly or irregularly check the registration records of hazardous chemicals (acquisition, use, surplus, waste and consumption), check the accounts, and check the status of personal protective equipment and laboratory safety equipment.
The second is centralized storage and unified management of drugs. According to the types and properties of drugs, set up corresponding safety facilities such as ventilation, explosion-proof, pressure relief, fire prevention, lightning protection, alarm, fire extinguishing, sun protection, humidity control and static elimination, and store drugs in a special warehouse with complete conditions. Dangerous experimental articles, especially explosives and highly toxic articles, shall be strictly stored in special classified warehouses, accurately measured and recorded, and strictly kept, and shall not be transferred or transferred to other units or individuals, and shall not be used for food, medicine or other non-laboratory purposes. Smoking and naked fire are strictly prohibited in the warehouse where experimental dangerous goods are stored, and necessary fire fighting forces, fire fighting facilities, communication, alarm and other equipment are equipped according to fire control regulations.
Third, regular training of laboratory managers. Further understand the types, properties, storage and use management regulations of dangerous chemicals, correctly use protective equipment and necessary emergency measures, so as to effectively prevent accidents.
Measures to Strengthen Waste Cleaning The wastes produced in the experiment, such as halogen organic matter, general organic matter and inorganic waste liquid, should be recycled separately. Except the washing wastewater of glass instruments, it shall not be mixed and dumped as domestic garbage at will. Moreover, it should be noted that the highly toxic waste liquid should be recycled separately. After centralized recovery, you can do some preliminary treatment for the recovered waste first, and pay attention to the dangers such as fever, toxic gas, splash and explosion that may occur during the treatment. Wastes that are less dangerous and can be treated by ordinary laboratories can be completed by themselves. If the amount of volatile organic reagents is small, it can be naturally diluted and volatilized into the air in a ventilated environment; The waste acid-base solution can be neutralized to neutral pH value by adding corresponding reagents, and then diluted with a large amount of water and discharged into the sewer; Organic solvents such as ethanol and acetic acid are easily decomposed by bacteria and can be discharged after being diluted with a large amount of water; This kind of solvent, such as ether, is not rich in heavy metals and insoluble in water, so it can be treated by burning (when burning, put it in an iron or porcelain container, choose an outdoor safe place, take a long stick when lighting it, light it in the upwind direction, and monitor it until it burns out). The concentration of harmful substances shall not exceed the emission standards stipulated by the state and environmental protection departments. For highly toxic waste liquid and expired experimental dangerous goods, it is necessary to contact a professional treatment plant regularly for destruction, and make disposal records.
The management of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory is a kind of risk management, so we must seriously study and explore the measures to adapt to the management of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory of colleges and universities in the new period to ensure the smooth progress of experimental teaching and scientific research in the school [10-1].
3 Conclusion
Experimental teaching and laboratory construction are important carriers of teaching and scientific research activities in colleges and universities, bases for cultivating students' strong practical and innovative abilities, and cradles for cultivating high-tech talents. We must adhere to the principle of putting prevention first and safety first, so that students can establish safety awareness and environmental awareness and consciously safeguard their own safety and environmental safety. At the same time, strengthen the professional training of staff, effectively eliminate all possible risk factors, and ensure the safe and efficient operation of the laboratory.
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Papers on animal biotechnology II
Construction and Reform of Animal Biotechnology Course for Biotechnology Specialty
Animal biotechnology is a compulsory course for biotechnology majors. According to the characteristics of this course, this paper discusses the construction and reform ideas of this course from six aspects: teaching philosophy and objectives, teaching staff, teaching materials, teaching content, teaching methods and assessment methods, in order to improve the teaching quality of this course and meet the needs of personnel training in the new period.
Animal biotechnology; Curriculum construction; reform in education
The document identification code A of China Library's classification number G642G420 is1007-5739 (2013) 01-0326-02.
2 1 century is the century of life science. Biotechnology is one of the disciplines with the longest history of human science and technology development and the greatest contribution to human society. With the continuous progress of frontier disciplines of molecular biology, biotechnology has also developed by leaps and bounds. Animal biotechnology is a comprehensive subject combining the theory and technology of modern biological science, mainly involving animal genetic engineering, animal cell engineering, animal embryo engineering and other fields, and has been widely used in agriculture, food industry, medical industry and other industries [1]. Biotechnology occupies a very important position in universities, which shows the importance of this subject, so learning this subject well is very important for future employment. On the basis of introducing the concept of biotechnology, the author summarized the construction and reform measures of animal biotechnology course in order to lay a solid foundation for students' employment [1].
1 the concept of biotechnology
Biotechnology refers to the processing or transformation of biology or biological raw materials on the basis of modern life science by using various advanced technical means and other scientific principles and technologies, with the aim of producing products needed by human beings. Advanced engineering technologies include genetic engineering, cell engineering, fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering and protein engineering. Biological transformation refers to the transformation or processing of organisms including plants, animals and microorganisms according to human needs, so that they can produce products beneficial to human beings [1-2].
2 teaching status and analysis
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University began to recruit students from 1996, and became a brand major in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2006. After the construction of 16 major, the course of animal embryo engineering (specialized elective course) was first offered to biotechnology students in 2003. With the rapid development of modern biotechnology, 36 hours of theoretical teaching is obviously insufficient. In 2005, the teaching syllabus was changed, including animal tissue, cell culture technology and genetic engineering technology. , theoretical teaching increased to 54 hours, experimental teaching increased to 18 hours. The nature of the course was changed to a required course for the first time, and it was innovatively renamed as animal biotechnology. At that time, there was no course called animal biotechnology in the whole biological field until May 65,438+0, 2009. The author investigated the main courses offered by biotechnology majors in some agricultural and forestry colleges, mainly including 1 1 courses (zoology, botany, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, molecular biology, genetic engineering, cell engineering, fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering). The investigated agricultural and forestry colleges (Anhui Agricultural University, Northwest A&F University, Shandong Agricultural University, Hunan Agricultural University, Northeast Forestry University, Qingdao Agricultural University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Fujian Agricultural University, Huazhong Agricultural University, South China Agricultural University, Yunnan Agricultural University) all offer cell engineering courses. At present, only the College of Life Sciences of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University offers courses in animal biotechnology and plant biotechnology similar to cell engineering.
3 Animal Biotechnology Curriculum Construction and Reform
3. 1 Teaching Thought and Goal Reform
Implement Scientific Outlook on Development, and gradually establish the consciousness of "student-centered" and "all for students". Teachers should change the traditional teaching concept [3], correctly handle the relationship between imparting knowledge and improving students' learning ability, so that students can master the ability of actively learning relevant knowledge while learning some basic knowledge of courses, and become compound talents with rich knowledge and strong learning ability.
3.2 Construction of teaching staff
Set up a teaching team, divide the teaching content into different teaching modules, break the traditional teaching mode of one person and one lesson, each module is undertaken by teachers with corresponding professional background, and strive to keep up with the forefront of each teaching content. Regular teaching seminars are held, experts from the supervision team attend lectures and evaluate classes, and at the same time, self-evaluation and mutual evaluation and students' evaluation of teaching are carried out irregularly to promote the improvement of the overall teaching level.
3.3 Textbook Construction and Reform
According to the investigation, the author chose Animal Biotechnology, a textbook for the 11th Five-Year Plan of higher education published by Science Press, as the textbook, which comprehensively and systematically introduced the general situation, basic principles, technical methods and latest progress of animal biotechnology. At the same time, due to the limitation of class hours, in the teaching process, it is impossible to cover everything and update the course knowledge quickly. Some of the latest hot topics are not reflected in the textbooks, so some handouts are written by themselves and copied to students in the form of words, and they are recommended to read excellent Chinese and foreign reference books.
3.4 Curriculum content reform
Animal biotechnology is an interdisciplinary subject, and it is also a hot field for researchers all over the world. A large number of research results emerge one after another, constantly updating and enriching the knowledge of this new discipline. It is difficult for teachers to teach and students to learn, which requires that in the selection of teaching content, we should not only pay attention to the integrity of teaching content, but also ensure practicality and advancement, and at the same time do a good job of adding, subtracting and connecting with other courses. In the course content, firstly, the introduction, the overview of animal embryo engineering technology, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, sex control, embryo segmentation and chimera are introduced; Secondly, introduce molecular biology and genetic engineering; Finally, nuclear transplantation technology, stem cell technology, transgenic technology, animal bioreactor, animal cell culture technology, animal cell fusion technology, hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibody technology are emphatically introduced. Through careful arrangement, students can fully and systematically understand the basic contents of the animal biotechnology curriculum system in a limited time.
3.5 Teaching method reform
3.5. 1 Use major scientific research achievements to stimulate students' interest in learning and improve their learning initiative. For example, American scientist Mario? Capecchi and Oliver? Smith and British scientist Martin? Evans, using "gene targeting" technology to inactivate specific genes in mice, cultivated "gene knockout" mice with high research value, and provided an animal model for drug testing for the study of human genetic diseases. With these animal models, human beings can find new treatments for various genetic diseases more effectively, and it is not far away to completely conquer genetic diseases. This achievement won them the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Robert? Jeffrey. Sir Edwards, a British physiologist and pioneer of reproductive medicine, was awarded the 20 10 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his creation of in vitro fertilization technology. The teaching of a course should not only enable students to master and understand some basic knowledge related to the course, but more importantly, teach students how to acquire as much and richer relevant knowledge as possible through effective ways, especially for animal biotechnology, a new subject field, many of which are in the process of dynamic updating and improvement [1]. 3.5.2 Track scientific research trends, broaden students' horizons and cultivate innovative thinking. The process of undergraduate classroom teaching is not only to impart book knowledge, but more importantly, to stimulate students' pioneering thinking ability and innovative consciousness, and to cultivate and improve students' ability to discover, analyze and solve problems [3-5]. Therefore, in the teaching process of animal biotechnology, which is widely used and knowledge is updated rapidly, it is necessary to introduce the new trends and progress of subject research, consciously broaden students' horizons, open their minds and cultivate their innovative thinking. For example, induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS cells) were published by two Japanese scientists in the world's top magazine Cell in 2006. Generally speaking, it is to dedifferentiate highly differentiated adult cells into pluripotent stem cells by some method and regain the ability to differentiate into various cells. IPS technology is a major breakthrough in the field of stem cell research. It avoids the long-term ethical controversy, solves the problem of immune rejection in stem cell transplantation medicine, and makes stem cells take another big step towards clinical application. The researchers of this achievement won the 20 12 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. With the continuous development of IPS technology and the continuous updating of its technical level, its advantages in basic research in the fields of life sciences and medicine are increasingly obvious [6].
3.5.3 Innovative teaching forms to improve the teaching effect. In the process of classroom teaching, we should listen carefully to students' opinions, treat students like friends, narrow the distance between teachers and students, let students feel the classroom culture, make them integrate into it, think positively and become the main body of the classroom. At the same time, seminar classes can be appropriately increased, so that students can prepare ppt speeches and other forms, changing the previous mode of teachers telling, students remembering and lacking communication, so that students can be in an active learning state [7].
3.5.4 Optimize multimedia teaching and introduce modern information technology. Using limited class hours, focus on teaching the key points, difficulties, key points and the relationship between knowledge points, guide students to think consciously, and arrange students to study by themselves for some easy-to-master course contents. Using computers and the Internet to import and download original books and dynamic images from abroad for multimedia teaching can effectively improve the efficiency of teaching organization and enrich the teaching content. It can not only provide students with multi-level and multi-angle colorful teaching information, but also provide a more vivid human-computer interaction interface to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of students [8]. Such as cell fusion, sperm-egg fertilization, nuclear transfer and so on. In multimedia teaching, we should adhere to the principle of moderate application and organic combination, leave enough time for students to understand and think, and combine the use of blackboard writing, physical objects and other teaching media to learn from each other, simplify the teaching content, enhance the vividness and creativity of teaching, and make students like learning [2].
3.6 Reform of evaluation methods
First of all, change the previous assessment methods, change the emphasis on textbook knowledge into practice, and change the emphasis on grades into classroom teaching. In the future, we will not take a single test score as the total score, but add a certain proportion of practical assessment scores to make teachers and students pay attention to practice. Secondly, increase or decrease the diversity of assessment methods, and take ordinary grades, experimental grades, mid-term grades and final exams as a comprehensive assessment system for students' academic performance, that is, ordinary grades account for 20%, experimental grades account for 20%, mid-term grades account for 20% and final grades account for 40%[9].
4 conclusion
With the rapid development of science and technology, the research on animal biotechnology will be more in-depth, so it is urgent for colleges and universities to build animal biotechnology specialty. Based on the characteristics of College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, the course group accurately grasps the teaching orientation of animal biotechnology course by analyzing the internal relations among bioengineering, biotechnology and pharmaceutical engineering, pays attention to the course characteristics, strengthens the teaching construction around the course content, innovates the teaching form and assessment system, gradually improves and optimizes the multimedia teaching of animal biotechnology, improves the teaching quality, and achieves the purpose and requirements of personnel training [10].
5 references
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[3] Jiang. Animal biotechnology [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2009.
[4], Su Juan, small. Curriculum teaching system construction and the cultivation of students' autonomous learning ability [J]. China Medical Education Journal, 2007,27 (4):107-109.
Li, Xu Chunhou, Yong. Exploration and Practice of Teaching Reform of Animal Immunology Theory Course [J]. Higher Agricultural Education, 2009 (7): 65-67.
Liu kaidong Teaching reform and exploration of cell engineering [J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 20 10 (10): 30, 32.
[7] Dai Lili. Teaching reform of plant cell engineering [J]. Cultural exchange of science and education, 20 1 1 (6): 23, 37.
[8] Zhang Yichun. Modern educational technology practice course [M]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University Press, 2005.
[9] __. Cell Engineering [M]. Beijing Science Press 2003.
[10], Fu, Zhang, et al. Development Status and Prospect of Biotechnology [J]. Jiangxi Agricultural Journal, 2006, 18 (3): 69-74.
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