On June 3rd, 192 1, quarrels continued near xinhua gate. The teachers in Beijing No.8 Middle School have forgotten their manners. They are all mixed up in a mess, some with banners and some with their voices. Finally, a serious conflict broke out with the presidential guard. For a while, Xinhua Gate really bled under the heavy rain. The scene was once very cruel and bloody, and many teachers and students were injured in this movement.
This is the famous? June 3rd Movement? Also called? 63 wage movement? . The scale of this movement is not large. According to statistics, under the leadership of the principals and teachers of eight universities at that time, thousands of primary and secondary school teachers and students took part in this sport. They ran Ma Liyi, then vice minister of education, to the presidential palace to petition, hoping to pay the wages that were in arrears for several months, and shouted the slogan of education funds and independent funds.
After this movement broke out, the whole country was shocked. At that time, Shanghai Fudan University, Nanjing Normal University and many other local universities denounced the cruel atrocities of the Beijing government and demanded that the guards and soldiers who committed atrocities against teachers and students be severely punished. Schools and academic associations all over the country also issued condemnation.
Major newspapers and periodicals take the lead in striving to be pioneers of public opinion. Faced with this huge social hotspot, a number of newspapers with social influence at that time, such as Shenbao, Morning Post and Ta Kung Pao, all put this campaign on the front page. The hype in these newspapers further expanded the influence of the whole incident.
Public opinion is constantly brewing, and dissatisfaction with the government and sympathy for teachers and students have become the political correctness of that era. Many celebrities and elites have also expressed their support for the rights protection movement of teachers and students. The government excused itself by saying that it was afraid of saboteurs, fabricating facts and confusing right and wrong? , electricity provinces, clarify? The truth? However, this pale and powerless excuse can't put out the anger in the hearts of the people.
For a time, the Beijing government became the target of national criticism. Under pressure, the government sent people to mediate. And promised teachers and students to apologize to the injured and express sympathy, and all medical expenses will be borne by the Ministry of Education. Moreover, the Ministry of Education also promised to make up all the arrears of teachers' wages. Until now, the professors' rights protection movement has come to an end. Soon, most professors returned to their posts and began to teach normally.
In fact, there have been many campaigns for professors to ask for wages before this, but this time it reached a climax.
For example, as early as 19 19, 12, teachers in various schools in Beijing suspended classes for more than 20 days because they demanded wages. 1In August, 920, due to the outbreak of war in Anhui Province, teachers were in arrears for more than four months, and then classes were suspended and teachers went on strike. On April 8th, 192 1, all the teachers and professors of Beijing No.8 Middle School mentioned above resigned collectively to express their protest against the unpaid wages. The protests that followed intensified and finally arrived? June 3rd Movement? .
The reason for the shortage of education funds after the founding of the Republic of China is still easy to think about. Since Yuan Shikai's death, the Beiyang government has been leaderless, fighting on its own. Therefore, the killing of war consumes huge financial and material resources, and the confrontation between local governments and the central government leads to the marginalization of the central government, even if it is intentional to set up education, it feels powerless.
The impact of the "June 3rd" salary is also huge, and the evaluation of different positions is also different. One of the great events at that time, Mr. Ma Xulun, then a professor at Peking University, spoke highly of it. He said that the scale of this activity is larger than other activities. May 4th Movement? Even bigger. He himself made great sacrifices in this movement, with swollen forehead and blood all over his face.
But Xu Baoheng, then secretary of the presidential palace, learned? June 3 incident? When, just sigh? At this time, the atmosphere of the school is extremely embarrassing! So are the troubles in the real world! ? Mr. Cai Yuanpei, a famous educator, said? Is the strike too much sacrifice? What does he think is the bounden duty of an educator? Even if you don't rely on it at all, you have to force him? .
Generally speaking, this movement awakened the government's attention to the education sector at that time. A good example is that the government used the second batch of boxer indemnity returned from 65438 to 0924 to develop education.
During the Beiyang government, although the education funds were insufficient, the salaries paid to professors were actually very high. However, there are also many times and times of breach of contract. As far as it is concerned, it is to draw you a cake, which is very big and hard to eat.
19 14, a university president can get 400 yuan, and an ordinary inspector (who supervises and manages students' study in an old school) can get 100 yuan. By 19 17, the salary will be further increased. At that time, the university president could get 600 yuan, the full professor could get 400 yuan, and the undergraduate professor earned 280 yuan a monthly salary. The salary of lecturers is much lower, about two to five yuan an hour.
At that time, wages were also distributed according to grades, in other words, the more powerful people were, the higher their wages were. Some people may not know the concept of these salaries, but when converted into the purchasing power of a silver dollar at that time, everyone knows how rich these teachers are.
The price at that time was recorded in the historical situation of the working class in China. 19 13 What's the price of pork in Beijing? The answer is 100 Jin 1 1 yuan.70! Note that only 100 kg, more than 1 1 yuan, and the weight at that time was still half a catty, which means that this 100 kg is actually 160 kg now. One dollar can buy 10 Jin of pork. At that time, professors earned hundreds of dollars a month. Can you work out how much it is worth now? Do you dare to think?
As we all know, Mr. Lu Xun/kloc-0 bought a quadrangle in Beijing in October, 1924, which was less than 1000 yuan, which was only his salary for two or three months, and it was said that the highest salary that a county magistrate could get at that time was only in 380 yuan, and quite a few of them were even less than 100 yuan.
But one thing must be mentioned, that is, serious breach of contract (this problem was basically solved by the joint efforts of Nanjing National Government and university presidents until 193 1, but unfortunately, it broke out in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression only six years later). Although the Beiyang government has given a lot, the Ministry of Education can't give money! Teachers' final salary often shrinks a lot. Li Zongdong, who was teaching in Peking University at that time, later recalled: During these four years (1924 to 1927), my salary was 220 silver dollars per month, but in fact, I only got 1 10 yuan every month, which happened to be half salary. ? Even if it is halved, it will not stop these professors from joining the ranks of high salaries.
Even if the arrears are serious, it is enough to show that during the Beiyang government period, although the people's livelihood was depressed, the country suffered from war. However, the attention paid to intellectuals at that time was still quite high. Although the great warlords were not well educated, they were somewhat generous to intellectuals.
During the period of Nanjing National Government, teachers' salaries were still paid according to grades, and schools had certain autonomy. 1927 professors can get 500 yuan at the first level, associate professors can get 340 yuan at the second level, ordinary lecturers can get 260 yuan, and teaching assistants at the fourth level can get 180 yuan in one month. 1932, the national government slightly adjusted this salary. The adjustment of professors and associate professors is not large, but the economic treatment of teaching assistants has been improved.
However, because of the imbalance of regional economy, the comprehensive strength of schools and the salaries of university teachers are also very different. Although the national government wants schools to give teachers so much, in poor areas, the government has no money and schools have no money. The teacher can only look at the salary and sigh, but still can't get the given high salary.
But in general, this institutionalized salary payment gives professors and teachers a sense of stability, and a lot of money is paid at once, so that these professors are not really hungry. In addition, at that time, many university professors also earned some extra money outside, and their economic sources were more abundant.
Many professors earn royalties by writing articles and publishing books, which is also a considerable income. It is said that Mr. Lu Xun quit his job and became a freelance writer after arriving in Shanghai. He can earn more than 700 yuan on the basis of manuscript fees and royalties, but this is also a survivor's prejudice. Most college teachers live like that and have no part-time jobs.
During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the country fell into an unprecedented disaster. Military expenditure has become the most important financial expenditure, and education funds are seriously insufficient. The salaries of professors and teachers are all spent. Although a series of policies were formulated to guarantee teachers' salaries, the salary system at that time was far from supporting teachers' normal lives because of serious inflation and currency depreciation.
In the last two years of the Anti-Japanese War, teachers in universities basically relied on love to generate electricity. As far as wages are concerned, they have become the lower class of society. Faced with soaring prices and slow wages, many teachers' lives plummeted and fell into poverty.
According to the data, from 65438 to 0937, the basic salary of university staff was only around 50 yuan, and the rest was only paid at 70% of the original salary. Finally, although the government expressly stipulates that teachers' salaries should reach the pre-war level, the salaries are still the same and the prices are different, so there is not much difference between paying such a little money and not paying. But at this time, these masters still insisted on teaching in the national The National SouthWest Associated University and other universities, which also inherited the personality of China literati.
In short, during the Republic of China before the Anti-Japanese War, the salaries of professors were still considerable, but it took some effort and time to get the prescribed salaries.