Medical examination is a subject of medical diagnosis by using modern physical and chemical methods and means. This paper mainly studies how to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment through laboratory technology and medical instruments and equipment. The following is the basic concept of 100 medical laboratory. Welcome to reading.

1. Toxic particles

Coarse particles dyed purple and black appear in neutrophils during severe infection.

2. Heme

The pigment part of hemoglobin consists of iron atom and protoporphyrin region.

3. Punctate red blood cells

The remaining basophils in red blood cells are the result of RNA degeneration and precipitation.

4. The neutrophil nucleus moves to the left.

Peripheral blood neutrophils increase (late, middle and early granulocytes and even granulocytes appear).

5. Blood type

It is the genetic characteristic of human blood and refers to the difference of red blood cell antigens.

6.ABO blood group antibody

Generally divided into two categories; ? Natural? Antibodies and immune antibodies are produced by immunization.

7. Pathological proteinuria

Proteinuria, which continuously exceeds 0. 1.5g/d, is often pathological and is a reliable indicator of renal diseases.

8. Renal tubular proteinuria

The glomerular filtration membrane is normal, but the normal filtered protein in the original urine can not be completely reabsorbed by the renal tubules.

9. Bense-Jones protein

It is the light chain monomer or dimer of immunoglobulin and belongs to incomplete antibody globulin. It often appears in the urine of patients with dry myeloma and has diagnostic significance.

10. Reticulocyte

It is an immature red blood cell between late immature red blood cells and mature red blood cells.

1 1.

It is a composite dye composed of acid dye eosin and basic dye methylene blue, which is dissolved in methanol and dissociated into positively charged methylene blue and negatively charged eosin ions.

12. Heterotypic lymphocytes

Under the stimulation of some virus infections or allergens, lymphocytes proliferate and undergo certain morphological changes, which are called atypical lymphocytes.

13. Degenerated leukocytes

White blood cells are characterized by enlarged cell body, blurred structure, unclear edge, nuclear concentration, swelling or dissolution.

14. The kernel moves to the right.

More than 3% of neutrophils in peripheral blood have five-lobe nuclei, which is called nuclear right shift.

15. Lupus erythematosus cells

LE factor exists in the blood (body fluid) of SLE patients, which can depolymerize the DNA of affected white blood cells in vitro, form a free homogeneous body, and be swallowed by phagocytic white blood cells.

16. Endogenous coagulation system

It refers to the activation of coagulation initiation response factor ⅸ A-PF3-ⅷ-Ca complex and activation factor ⅹ.

17. Exogenous coagulation system

The activation of factor VII and factor III is characterized by the activation of exogenous coagulation pathway by tissue thromboplastin released after tissue injury.

18. solid phase activation of blood coagulation

Refers to the process in which a factor contacts a charged surface, that is, it is activated as A (activation process for short).

19. Liquid activation of blood coagulation

Refers to the rapid activation of a after kallikrein is converted into kallikrein, also known as enzyme activation.

20.Rh blood group

Red blood cells contain the same antigen as rhesus monkey red blood cells, which are provided by users of the forum of Rh blood group medical education network.

2 1. osmotic pressure difference

It is the power of water reabsorption in the body, and the concentration difference and potential difference are the power of some solutes reabsorption.

22. True Diabetes Pancreatic Diabetes

Due to the relative or absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, the utilization rate of glucose in various tissues in the body is reduced.

23. Renal glycosuria

Refers to the normal blood sugar level, which is caused by the decrease of the ability of renal tubules to reabsorb sugar.

24. Heme urine

Refers to the phenomenon that when intravascular hemolysis occurs, hemoglobin produced exceeds the binding ability of haptoglobin and appears in urine.

25. chyluria

Refers to the urine containing lymph, the appearance is milky called chyluria.

26. Pipeline type

It is a tubular cast formed by protein aggregates in renal tubules.

27. Entamoeba histolytica

As a recognized pathogenic amoeba, it can be divided into trophoblast and cyst stage according to the change of its life history, which can cause intestinal amoeba dysentery or other amoebiasis.

28. Secretion fluid

Inflammatory exudation caused by local tissue inflammation is a process in which liquid components and cell components in inflammatory blood vessels enter tissues or body cavities through the blood vessel wall.

29. Filtering

Water and nutrients in blood vessels are filtered out through capillaries, and this non-inflammatory tissue fluid accumulated in interstitial or body cavity is called filtrate.

30. [Biology, Medicine] Hemorheology

It is a new branch of biomechanics, and it is a science that studies the macroscopic fluidity of blood, the fluidity of blood cells and biochemical components.

3 1. Patient History

The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration, which is used to indicate the pH value of the solution.

32. Dilution multiple

The quotient obtained by dividing the concentration of solution before dilution by the concentration of solution after dilution.

Biuret test.

The reaction of a compound containing two amino methyl cheese groups (CONH2) in its molecule with an alkaline copper solution to form a purple complex.

34. Median

A group of observation values of measurement data are arranged in order of size, and the middle number is the median.

35. Coefficient of variation

The percentage obtained by dividing the standard deviation by the average indicates the relative accuracy of this method.

36. enzymes

Enzyme is a kind of protein with specificity and catalytic ability, which is also called biocatalyst.

37. Standard value

The normal fluctuation range of physiological indexes determined by statistical method.

38. Glycogen dysplasia

Non-sugar substances (such as some amino acids and lactic acid, pyruvic acid and glycerol) are converted into glycogen or glucose under the catalysis of some special enzymes in organs such as liver and kidney.

39. Molar concentration

It is the concentration expressed by the number of moles of solute contained in 1 liter solution.

40. Protein error

When the sample solution contains protein or polypeptide, serious errors often occur in the colorimetric determination of pH value.

Active unit of 4 1. enzyme

Refers to the consumption of substrate or the production of product in unit time in enzymatic reaction under certain action conditions.

precision

For the same sample, how close each determination result is to the average value.

43. Level of medical decision-making

Refers to the concentration of tested components that play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

44. Electrophoresis

The motion phenomenon of charged particles in electric field is provided by the forum users of Medical Education Network.

45. Accuracy (sex)

Refers to the degree to which the measurement result is close to the true value.

46. Electroosmosis

The phenomenon of relative motion of solid support under the action of electric field.

47. Hemolysis

Red blood cells are in hypotonic solution, and extracellular fluid enters cells, which makes red blood cells swell excessively and rupture. This phenomenon is called hemolysis.

48. Molar absorption number

At the specified wavelength, the absorbance of the solution with the molar concentration of 1 passes through the optical path of 1cm.

49. Colorimetry

Using visible light as light source, the method of determining the concentration of color substances in solution by comparing the color depth.

50. Body fluids

Refers to the aqueous solution in the body, including water and substances dissolved in it? Electrolyte, small molecule organic matter and protein, etc.

5 1. True fat

Network forum of neutral fat or triglyceride medical education provided by netizens.

52. Enzyme activators

It can convert inactive zymogen into active substance.

53. Hydrolase

Any enzyme that promotes the hydrolysis of a substrate.

54. Fluorescence analysis

Using the fluorescence that can reflect the characteristics of some substances after ultraviolet irradiation, qualitative or quantitative analysis can be carried out.

55. Standard solution

Also known as reference solution, it is a solution whose concentration has been accurately measured.

56. Michaelis constant

Simply refers to the substrate concentration required when the reaction speed V is half of the maximum speed V.

57. Isoenzyme

Enzymes with different physicochemical and biological properties in the same genus can catalyze the same reaction.

58. salting out

Adding neutral salt to protein solution destroyed protein colloid and precipitated protein from aqueous solution.

59. Thermal stability test of enzyme

According to the different thermal stability of enzymes from different sources, the changes of enzyme activity before and after serum heating were compared to distinguish the organ sources of enzymes.

60. isoelectric point

Protein is an amphoteric electrolyte. In a solution with a specific pH value, the number of positive charges is exactly equal to the number of negative charges. At this time, protein is motionless in the electric field, and the pH value of this solution is called the isoelectric point of protein.

6 1. flagella

The slender, wavy and curved filaments attached to bacteria are the moving organs of bacteria.

capsule

The viscous peptone-like substance around the cell wall of bacteria is 0.2? The one above m is called a capsule.

spore

Under certain conditions, some bacteria form high refractive bodies in bacteria, which have strong resistance.

64. l-form bacteria

Bacterial drugs without cell wall or with defective cell wall are provided by netizens.

65. Phage

It is a virus that invades bacteria, fungi or spirochetes, proliferates in susceptible host cells and dissolves them.

plasmid

Circular DNA existing outside the chromosome of bacteria.

67. Conditional pathogenic bacteria

Bacteria living in a certain part of the human body are not pathogenic under normal circumstances, but when the balance of the body is disturbed, it will become pathogenic.

68. Exotoxin

Toxic substances secreted by bacteria during their growth and reproduction.

69. Endostatin

The outer structure of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is a toxic substance, which will only be released after the cell dies or ruptures.

70. hemolysis a

Refers to the grass-green hemolysis ring around the colony on the blood agar plate.

7 1. hemolytic b

Refers to the colorless and transparent hemolysis ring around the colony on the blood agar plate.

72. metachromatic granules

Refers to the deeply stained particles that appear due to uneven staining of diphtheria Bacillus.

73. Bacterial antigens

It is a cell wall component of bacteria and has antigenicity, heat resistance and particle agglutination with corresponding antibodies.

74. Flagella antigen

Bacterial flagellin is antigenicity, heat-labile, and flocculates with corresponding antibodies.

surface antigen

Polysaccharides around bacteria are not heat-resistant and can block the reaction between 0 antigen and corresponding antibodies.

76.ETEC

Enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.

77.EPEC

Pathogenic Escherichia coli.

78.EIEC

Invasive Escherichia coli.

79. Non-fermentative bacteria

Refers to a large group of gram-negative bacilli that do not ferment sugar, need oxygen and have no spores.

80. Satellite phenomenon

Refers to the phenomenon that Haemophilus influenzae grows around golden grapes.

8 1. antigen

Refers to substances that can stimulate the body's immune system to produce immune reaction products such as antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes and specifically bind them.

82. Complement fixation test

When antigen binds to antibody, it can activate complement, which is an experiment in which two groups of antibody antigens compete for complement.

83. Heteroimmune technology

Refers to the technology that requires separation, binding and free labeling in immune response.

antigenic specificity

Refers to the antigen has a substance that can specifically bind to the corresponding antibody or sensitized lymphocyte.

85.supplement

It is a group of globulin with enzyme activity but not heat tolerance, which exists in normal fresh serum of human and animals.

86. Immunoactive cells

Cells that can be stimulated by antigen to differentiate and proliferate to form immune effector substances and can carry out endogenous immune response.

87. Humoral immunity

Immune response involving b cells.

88. Cellular immunity

Immune response involving t cells.

89.disgust

It is a specific reaction of tissue damage or physiological dysfunction after the body is stimulated by the same antigen again.

90. antigen-antibody reaction

Refers to the specific binding reaction between antigen and corresponding antibody.

9 1. Immunoadjuvant

An antigenic adjuvant for promoting antibody production.

92. monoclonal antibodies

Specific pure antibody produced by hybridoma cells.

93. Precipitation reaction

A reaction in which soluble antigens and antibodies specifically combine in liquid phase to form a precipitate.

94. Bidirectional diffusion test

Refers to the test method in which antigens and antibodies diffuse with each other in agar to form precipitation lines in an appropriate proportion.

95. agglutination reaction

Refers to the particle antigen combined with the corresponding antibody, and the agglutination phenomenon can be seen by the naked eye.

96. Homogeneous immunization technology

Refers to the technology that does not need separation, binding and free labeling in immune reaction.

97. Fluorescent antibody technology

Localization technology of fluorescent labeled antibody antigen.

98. Autoimmune diseases

A disease in which the body produces antibodies or immune cells against antigenic components of its own tissues, resulting in cell damage.

99. Immune deficiency disease

Diseases caused by genetic and other reasons, such as immature immune system or impaired or incomplete immune response.

100. Unique type

Refers to the antigenicity difference of immunoglobulins produced by different B cell lines in the same individual, that is, the antigenic determinants of variable regions and hypervariable regions are different.

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