(A) the type of thinking

1. According to different things, thinking activities can be divided into perceptual action thinking, concrete image thinking and abstract logical thinking.

① Perceptual action thinking

This is a kind of thinking based on practical actions. Its characteristic is to solve intuitive and concrete problems with practical operation.

② the concrete thinking of image

This is a kind of thinking that uses concrete images in the mind to solve problems.

③ Abstract logical thinking

This is a kind of thinking with the help of words and symbols, so it is also called literal logical thinking. After the age of 7, children began to have abstract logical thinking.

2. According to the different goals of thinking activities, it can be divided into centralized thinking (convergence thinking, seeking common ground thinking) and divergent thinking (radiation thinking, seeking difference thinking).

① Concentrate on thinking.

Centralized thinking refers to people solving problems by using familiar rules according to known information. That is to collect all kinds of information provided by the question and get a correct answer (or the best solution).

② Divergent thinking

Divergent thinking means thinking in different directions and pursuing diversity. For example, students need to think from different directions when enumerating the uses of bricks.

3. According to the innovation degree of thinking activities, it can be divided into conventional thinking and creative thinking.

① Traditional thinking

Conventional thinking refers to the way of thinking that uses conventional methods and fixed patterns to solve problems.

② Creative thinking

Creative thinking refers to original thinking that can produce new thinking results.

Divergent thinking is the core of creative thinking, which has three main characteristics.

(1) Fluency: It means that people with high creativity can express a large number of ideas in a short time, that is, quick response and large quantity.

(2) Flexibility: refers to the diversity of thinking, by analogy, knowing one thing and knowing ten things, and by analogy.

(3) uniqueness: it means that you can put forward unusual, unique and novel opinions on the problem.

According to the logic of thinking, it can be divided into analytical thinking and intuitive thinking.

① Analytical thinking

It is a thinking that follows strict logical procedures and laws, deduces step by step, and then draws logical correct answers or reasonable conclusions.

② Intuitive thinking

It is the thinking activity of the human brain to directly understand the whole thing and its essence, which is manifested in the acute and rapid recognition and overall grasp of things and their relationships.

(B) the quality of thinking

1. Broad and profound

Broadness means being able to think comprehensively; Profound refers to the ability to discover the essence of things through their superficial phenomena.

2. Independence and criticism

Independence refers to being good at raising, analyzing and solving problems independently; Criticality refers to being able to evaluate things objectively and independently when thinking about problems, without being superstitious about authority.

3. Flexibility and agility of thinking

Flexibility and agility refer to the ability to change previous plans in time according to changes in objective conditions and find new ways to solve problems accurately and quickly.

4. Logical and illogical

Logic refers to the rigorous logical reasoning process; Non-logic means that there is no strict logical reasoning process.

Sixteen, the classification of learning motivation

(1) According to the social significance of learning motivation, it can be divided into noble learning motivation and low learning motivation. The core of noble learning motivation is altruism; The core of low-level learning motivation is egoism and egocentrism, and learning motivation only comes from one's own immediate interests. Its standard: whether it is beneficial to society or the collective.

(2) According to the relationship between the role of learning motivation and learning activities, it can be divided into short-distance direct motivation and long-distance indirect motivation. The direct motivation of close distance is directly related to learning activities and comes from interest in learning content or learning results. The indirect motivation of vision is related to the social significance of learning and personal future.

(3) According to the inducement source of motivation, it can be divided into internal learning motivation and external learning motivation.

Internal learning motivation: The inducement comes from the learner's own internal factors, that is, the students' motivation due to their interest in the activity itself. External learning motivation: the inducement comes from some external factors of learners, that is, the learning motivation inspired by external incentives other than learning activities.

(4) According to the motivation of learning achievement in the school situation, Ausubel and others divide the motivation into three aspects: cognitive internal drive, self-improvement internal drive and subsidiary internal drive.

Cognitive internal drive: refers to the need to know, understand, master knowledge and solve problems. In meaningful learning, cognitive drive is the most important and stable motivation; Cognitive internal drive belongs to internal motivation. Self-improvement internal drive: refers to the need for individuals to win corresponding status because of their competence or work ability. It belongs to external motivation. Accessory internal drive: it is to get the recognition or recognition of the elderly (parents, teachers, etc.) and show an external motivation to do a good job. ).

The above is about the content sharing of the important test sites of "educational knowledge and ability" in primary schools over the years. I hope it will be helpful to all candidates! Want to know more about the teacher qualification examination, welcome everyone to pay attention to this platform in time!