1, what are the characteristics of tornadoes?

Expert tip: Tornadoes mostly occur in thunderstorm weather in summer and autumn, especially in the afternoon to evening.

Self-help and mutual rescue essentials: learn to identify tornadoes. Tornadoes appear when there are black cirrus clouds under the clouds and funnel clouds extending downward at the bottom of the clouds. Tornadoes are characterized by small range, short life, strong jumping and great destructive power. When a tornado hits from the front, there will be a dull whistle, from far to near. If you hear this sound, you should take immediate emergency measures. (risk world network -RiskMW.com specializes in security risk management, the portal of security officers! )

Prohibitions and Taboos: Never take it lightly just because a tornado starts to move slowly.

2. How to reduce the damage of tornadoes?

Expert tip: mastering the necessary knowledge of hedging can minimize the losses caused by tornadoes.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① In tornado-prone areas, a solid underground or semi-underground refuge safety zone must be built. (2) Stop all activities on the ground. Avoid movable houses and objects, and stay away from trees and telephone poles. ③ Protecting the head is the most important. Indoors, people should protect their heads and squat down facing the wall. When the tornado has reached your eyes, you should find low-lying terrain to get down, close your mouth and eyes, and protect your head with your hands and arms to prevent being hit by flying objects. (4) Understand and master the hedging knowledge under various conditions and prepare for protection.

Prohibitions and taboos: Don't ride a bike or use high-speed vehicles to avoid tornadoes.

3. Where is the best place to avoid a tornado?

Expert tip: The safest place is to hide in underground or semi-underground shelters.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Basements, air-raid shelters, culverts and the lowest floors of high-rise buildings are the best places to avoid tornadoes. (2) in the bottom of the building, corridor, underground part is safe. ③ When encountering a tornado in the open field, you can choose to lie down in low-lying places such as ditches and riverbeds.

Contraindications: Do not go to the auditorium, warehouses, temporary buildings and other empty and unsafe places to avoid.

4. How to avoid the tornado attack in public places?

Expert tip: In emergencies, public places are often the hardest hit areas.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Obey the unified command of emergency agencies and enter safe places in an orderly manner. ② If you are in a school, hospital, factory or shopping center, you should take refuge in an indoor room or the lobby nearest to the ground. Stay away from places with glass or wide roofs in the surrounding environment. If you are in a mobile house, the only way is to abandon it and run away.

Contraindications: Don't panic, avoid crowding and ensure personal safety.

5. How to avoid tornadoes at home

Expert tip: Family members should be educated to avoid tornadoes, design safe evacuation routes and places in advance, and conduct drills.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Quickly retreat to the basement or cellar, or the floor closest to the ground in the room, and squat down with your head toward the wall. (2) Quickly escape to the northeast room, away from moving objects that may collapse, such as doors, windows and external walls of houses. (3) Wrap yourself in a thick coat or blanket as much as possible to avoid possible scattered sundries. ④ A room with a small span is safer than a big room. ⑤ valuables should be transferred downstairs, or put in washing machines, dishwashers and other electrical appliances.

Taboo: don't rush out of the house, try to find a safe zone inside.

6. Why is it that opening a window can't prevent houses from collapsing?

Expert tip: It is unscientific to open a window to make the air pressure difference inside and outside the house equal, so as to prevent the house from collapsing.

Self-help and mutual rescue essentials: it is very important to close the doors and windows in the storm. In order to prevent houses from collapsing in the wind and rain, shelter can be installed on all doors and windows. The specific method is: measure each window and each glass door, and increase the length and width by 20 cm, that is, increase 10 cm on each side of the door and window, so that the shelter can be made of plywood. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the door lock can withstand the violent storm.

Taboo: Stay away from windows and chimneys. Don't hang heavy objects or glassware where you eat and sleep.

7. How to avoid tornadoes outdoors?

Expert tip: You should quickly avoid the opposite or vertical direction of the tornado.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Find a low-lying place nearby and lie on the ground. It is best to grasp small and immovable objects by hand, such as small trees, shrubs or wooden stakes buried deep underground. ② Stay away from outdoor billboards, dirt, telephone poles, fences, mobile homes, dangerous houses and other objects that may collapse to avoid being crushed. (3) Protect your head with your hands or clothes to prevent you from being hit by falling objects in the air. (4) If you can see and hear the tornado coming outside, you should avoid its route, move at right angles to its route, and avoid ground ditches or depressions.

Contraindications: don't avoid the wind in the southeast of the tornado, it is extremely vulnerable to attack.

8. How to avoid tornadoes when setting up cars?

Expert tip: cars can't resist tornadoes.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① When you encounter a tornado while driving, make a decisive decision and immediately abandon the car and run to a low-lying place on the side of the road. Don't try to drive to avoid it. (2) Don't hide in the car, don't hide beside the car. Because the strong air pressure inside and outside the car is easy to make the car explode.

Taboo: don't stay in the car, the storm will lift it into the air.

Second, self-help and mutual aid in hurricanes.

1, what should I do if the hurricane comes?

Expert tip: Meteorological hurricane refers to 12 gale, which is very destructive. Walking in a hurricane is extremely dangerous. You may be blown away by a hurricane, knocked down by a blown object, or hit by flowerpots and sundries in a tall building, so staying indoors is the only choice.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① After learning the news of the hurricane coming, prepare the radio, flashlight, wear wear-resistant shoes, wear more clothes, and it is best to wear a hat or cover yourself with a blanket and coat. (2) Clean up the things near the house, so as not to turn into projectiles when the wind blows. ③ People engaged in outdoor work should immediately stop working and seek refuge quickly. (4) The driver should temporarily stop driving, leave the car and go to a solid place to avoid danger. People who are indoors should hide in the basement or the middle room on the first floor.

Contraindications: ① Don't hide in a room full of fragile glass like the bathroom. Don't hide upstairs.

Third, how to save themselves and each other in the storm.

1. How to escape from a crowded and chaotic crowd in a typhoon?

Expert tip: It is often more dangerous to encounter chaos in disasters.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Take a deep breath and put your arms, shoulders and back under pressure. (2) Put your arms on your chest to protect your child. (3) Jump off the ground with both feet to avoid being trampled. No matter which direction you face, you should move on.

Taboo: Don't cross your hands on your chest or put your hands in your pockets.

2. How to escape in case of strong wind and shipwreck?

Expert tip: When taking a boat at ordinary times, you should know and master the operation requirements of lifesaving in advance.

Key points of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Under the command of the crew, put on life jackets and get on lifeboats in order of the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled to avoid accidents in chaos. The appropriate diving time is not to be hit by others when jumping, and don't hit others. ③ The suitable diving place is the windward side of the ship, that is, jumping against the wind to avoid being hit by a ship drifting with the wind after launching. When the ship leans left and right, jump from the bow and stern. (4) Before and after diving, pay attention to finding floating objects, try to get close to floating objects when diving, and rely on it to escape. ⑤ After diving, try to stay away from the ship to avoid being sucked into the seabed when the ship sinks.

Taboos and Taboos: Don't run in panic and don't jump into the sea easily.

3. What should I do if the storm surge comes?

Experts suggest that temperate storm surges mainly occur in early spring, late autumn and winter; Tropical storm tides mainly occur from July to 65438+February, especially in August and September.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① When the storm surge comes, people near the coast should leave the port and seawall quickly and move to high places. ② Stop all offshore production operations and activities. ③ When storm surge causes flood, evacuate immediately.

Forbidden and taboo: don't stick to your home, don't cling to your property.

4. How to reinforce the doors and windows before the storm warning?

Expert tip: doors and windows are the most vulnerable places to strong winds. Protecting doors and windows can reduce losses.

Key points of self-help and mutual rescue: ① After hearing the alarm, board the window from the outside. Doors and garages should be reinforced at the upper and lower ends. (2) If you need to go out to escape, reinforce it from the outside; If you stay inside, reinforce it inside. (3) Insert the door window glass with paper or tape, and the gap should be completely sealed. (4) Put a wedge on the slide of sliding door or plastic window to prevent the door from sliding open in the storm. ⑤ Lock the doors and windows leading to the attic and block them with things to prevent strong winds from blowing in.

Taboos and taboos: when the glass is broken, it is as sharp as a knife. Glass should be prevented from being broken by the wind.

5. What if the wind lifts the tile?

Expert tip: herringbone roofs are most vulnerable to damage in the wind.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Don't look at the roof tiles immediately after they are uncovered by strong wind, so as not to be injured by falling tiles. (2) transfer valuables, hiding in a safe house for temporary refuge. ③ When the tile is torn off and the covering under the tile is destroyed, it can only be kept out of the house. (4) In case of rain, buckets or other containers can be used, and plastic bags can also be used to temporarily plug the leak from the inside.

Taboo: Don't climb the roof to repair it immediately, because you may be blown down and hurt by the strong wind.

6. What should I do if the doors and windows are damaged in strong wind?

Expert tip: When doors and windows are damaged, personnel should pay special attention to safety.

Key points of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Seal the openings of doors and windows with plastic bags, plywood and other things. (2) Use wooden boards or heavy furniture against inward doors and windows. (3) Use ropes and tapes to fix doors and windows. (4) Move valuables to a safe place to reduce property losses.

Contraindications: be careful that the burning fire in the house ignites other items or the burning gas is blown out by the wind, which may cause poisoning.

7. How to ensure safety when driving in the wind?

Expert tip: it is the safest way to keep driving at a low speed.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① When the vehicle is parked in a high and empty place, when entering the parking lot, it is necessary to know whether the drainage facilities of the garage are perfect to avoid being flooded. Vehicles should not stay under billboards, temporary buildings or dead trees. ② During the typhoon season, when the car is driving on the expressway, special attention should be paid to the wind blowing from the side of the car. If the speed is too fast, it is easy to roll over. (3) When the vehicle is ready to cross the road with deep water, don't slam on the accelerator, because I don't know that there is water on the road, and the second brake pad will be immersed in the water, which will affect the braking effect. ④ Try not to drive out during the typhoon. If you have to drive outside, you should slow down and keep your distance from the vehicle in front. When driving in strong wind, you should stop at the side of the road and don't drive by force.

Taboo and taboo: distraction, inattention. Don't compete with pedestrians in a hurry.

8. What should I do if I encounter lightning in a storm?

Expert tip: all storms will produce lightning. If you hear thunder, then the storm may not be far from you.

Key points of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Avoid standing near the tallest object or making yourself the tallest object. ② If you are outdoors, move to the house or car as soon as possible, and close the window. ③ Don't ride a bike or motorcycle, and don't stand under a tall and lonely tree. (4) when taking refuge with others, keep a certain distance from each other. ⑤ Don't lie in an empty place. You can squat down on the spot, put your feet together, put your hands on your knees, keep your chest close to your knees, and try to lower your head and lower your height.

Prohibitions and taboos: Do not touch electrical conductors such as wires, metals and water. Avoid using all kinds of household appliances.

9. What should I do if I find that the power equipment is damaged in the wind disaster?

Experts suggest that the field isolation range of damaged power facilities should be 8- 10 meters away from the disconnection.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① If you see bare wires or electric sparks or smell of burning, immediately turn off the switch on the main circuit and call an electrician. (2) When the outdoor high-voltage line is tilted or short-circuited, sparks should be found, and the accident site should be reported to the electric power department immediately by telephone. It is also necessary to erect obvious signs nearby to prevent idle people from getting an electric shock. (3) When going out, if you find that you are disconnected, you should call for emergency repair, do a good job of self-protection, and remind passers-by to avoid in time. (4) When driving, if the wire falls in front of your car, you can't get off. You should bypass it and drive until you leave the barbed wire.

Forbidden taboo: never see the danger disappear, which will leave hidden dangers of accidents.

Fourth, self-protection in sandstorms.

1. What are the causes of sandstorms?

Experts suggest that strong winds, sand sources and unstable air are the most important factors for the formation of sandstorms.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: The causes of sandstorms are mainly composed of geological conditions, climatic factors and social reasons. In China, sandstorms mainly occur in the northwest plateau and plateau basin, where the soil surface is weathered, resulting in arid and extremely arid geological conditions. The exposed surface, loose soil and degraded grassland in these dust source areas are easily blown by the strongly dry northwest monsoon and will affect other areas along the wind direction. However, unreasonable reclamation, grazing and industrial production emit a lot of greenhouse gases, which lead to desertification of land and grassland and serious damage to natural ecosystems, which is the man-made reason for frequent sandstorms.

Prohibition and taboo: don't think that simple ecological construction can solve the problem.

2. What are sand blowing, sandstorm and floating dust?

Expert tip: These three kinds of sandstorms indicate several degrees.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① When sandstorm occurs, the wind is very strong, and the horizontal visibility is less than 1 km. The horizontal visibility of strong sandstorm is less than 200 meters, and the wind speed is greater than 9; The horizontal visibility of extremely strong sandstorm is less than 50m, and the wind speed is greater than 10. (2) Sand blowing refers to a weather phenomenon in which strong winds blow up dust on the ground, making the air quite turbid and the horizontal visibility is between 1 ~ 10 km. Sand blowing is the same as sandstorm, especially the visibility is obviously reduced, the weather is cloudy and the sky is grayish yellow. ③ Floating dust refers to a weather phenomenon in which dust and fine sand float evenly in the air, making the visibility less than 10 km. Most of the floating dust is formed by distant dust spread through high-altitude airflow, or by fine particles floating in the air after sandstorms and sand blowing. The valley is called "Falling Yellow Sand".

Contraindications: Don't judge the weather by yourself and take improper protective measures.

3. What are the hazards of sandstorms?

Expert tips: Sandstorms will bring strong winds, sandstorms, environmental pollution and wind erosion.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: The hazards caused by sandstorm weather mainly include: ① It is extremely difficult to identify the direction, which directly endangers the safety of people and animals and causes casualties of people and animals. ② The power supply system was damaged, and the factory was shut down. (3) Strong winds cause fires and burn down various production equipment, facilities and houses. ; (4) affect the normal operation of traffic lines, resulting in the interruption of railway, highway and air transportation, resulting in traffic accidents. Blow down and cut down trees, destroy agricultural greenhouses and animal sheds, blow up crops and bury farmland. ⑥ Serious harm to human health.

Prohibition and taboo: don't think that sandstorms only come a few times a year and don't pay attention to their harm.

4. How to prevent sandstorms at home?

Expert tip: create a good family environment and build the most reliable sandstorm defense line at home.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Close the doors and windows and seal the gaps between them with adhesive tape. After going home, shake off the dust and wipe it in time. Old people, children and patients try to stay at home and don't go out. (3) When indoor visibility is low, lighting should be done in time to avoid collision accidents. (4) Prepare dust-proof articles such as masks and goggles for emergency use. ⑤ Educate children to pay attention to traffic safety in dusty weather.

Forbidden and taboo: don't be indifferent and take precautions.

5. How to protect yourself when the sandstorm comes?

Expert tip: Sandstorms do great harm to people.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Before going out, wear protective glasses and masks, or cover your face with a scarf and fasten your collar and cuffs. ② Pay attention to the traffic situation when walking on the road. When visibility is low, cyclists should get off the bus. ③ Stay away from dangerous buildings, walls, guardrails, billboards and tall trees. Try to avoid all kinds of construction sites.

Contraindications: ① Avoid all kinds of accidents caused by poor visibility. ② Avoid wearing dark sunglasses.

6. What measures should be taken when encountering dusty weather in rural areas?

Expert tip: Northern rural areas are often the hardest hit areas of sandstorms.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Protect water sources. If groundwater such as wells and springs is used, a protective cover should be added. Close the doors and windows at home and plug the gaps between them accurately. ② Reinforce vegetable greenhouses and animal sheds and protect irrigation canals. (3) Animals such as cattle and sheep should be concentrated together as much as possible, and strict protection measures should be taken.

Prohibitions and taboos: Don't continue to work in the farmland.

7. How to avoid sandstorms in the wild?

Expert tip: Don't go far and run, and avoid being in high places.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Squat on a low wall with a sand back as soon as possible, or lie on the leeward side of a relatively high slope, and grab a solid object with your hands. Cover your head with clothes, hold your breath, reduce the dust inhaled by your lungs, and avoid sandstorms invading your body. (3) Don't hurry to get lost in the sand curtain wall. Don't walk in the ditch to avoid being blown into the water.

Taboo: Don't hide in low-lying places. Sandstorms can accumulate dust several feet thick.

8. What emergency measures should drivers take in dusty weather?

Expert tip: check whether there is a blind spot in the line of sight. If you find a blind spot, you should reserve an insurance distance when you blend into the traffic flow.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Clean windows, lights and mirrors, and keep wipers clean. If the wiper is broken, potato chips and onions can help. (2) When the windshield is broken by flying sand and stones to form fine lines to block the line of sight, it should be completely broken. 3 If the taillight is damaged, you can apply a layer of lipstick or stick a layer of red paper to make the red light still work; If the reversing light is broken, you can use the flash at the back to illuminate the key. (4) Don't get too close to the vehicle in front, the visible range in the dust is limited, and the braking distance is longer than usual.

Contraindications: Do not drive when the blind area is serious.

9. How to drive in a sandstorm?

Expert tip: Do not exceed 30 kilometers per hour.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Start the wiper and clean the windshield. Pay attention to any signs on the road, control the speed and master the direction. (2) Even during the day, turn on the low beam and use fog lights. Use high beam in the dark. If necessary, turn on the fault light. (3) follow the route with many cars. Stay behind the large transport vehicle so that you can see the taillights. The trolley will temporarily block the dust.

No-go taboo: it is best not to overtake.

10. Where are the three major dangers faced by drivers in dusty weather?

Expert tip: this is a summary of the lessons of blood.

Key points of self-help and mutual rescue: ① When large transport vehicles and agricultural vehicles reverse in the dark, their taillights are invisible, and the whole vehicle is blocked on the expressway like a steel wall. ② Turn to the left of the expressway when visibility is low. The driver who got lost in the dust and fog drove his car into the opposite lane.

Prohibition and taboos: driving too fast.

1 1, how to deal with the above three dangers?

Expert tip: don't be chaotic in times of crisis, and you can handle it properly by relying on experience.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Keep watch in the most dangerous corner or at the foot of the mountain to signal oncoming cars. (2) Keep honking the horn and listen to whether there is a car following you when the engine is turned off. Turn on all the lights.

Contraindications: we should adapt to local conditions and avoid copying mechanically.

12. What are the dangers when driving in a sandstorm?

Expert tip: Danger may cause a series of car accidents.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Muscle spasm, legs straight, nodding, blinking and yawning. (2) unnatural reflection. Slam on the steering wheel, slam on the brakes, flap the steering wheel nervously and honk the horn. (3) The conversation voice suddenly becomes louder and suddenly accelerates for no reason.

Taboo: The above situation is a sign of a very bad mood. Never mind, get off at once and adjust as soon as possible.

13. What diseases may be induced by sandstorms?

Expert tip: the skin, eyes, nose, throat and lungs are the first parts to contact with dust, and they are the most hurt. Floating dust and sand dust with a diameter of 0.5-3 cm are the most harmful to human health.

Key points of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Long-term inhalation of dust will gradually deposit in the lungs, causing a certain degree of diffuse fibrous tissue hyperplasia and pneumoconiosis; Floating dust can also be deposited in lung organs, causing bronchial obstruction and asthma. ② Alveolar inflammation thickens blood and harms cardiovascular system. Infectious diseases such as Korean hemorrhagic fever spread through the air, and patients' lungs are often life-threatening because of excessive water accumulation. Infectious allergic diseases and other epidemic diseases, such as cancer attacked by hydrocarbons.

Prohibition and Taboo: Travel at will without any protection.

14. Who are the susceptible populations of sandstorm diseases?

Experts suggest that fine pollution particles have a great relationship with lung disease and heart disease death. Although several sandstorms will not cause pneumoconiosis and other diseases, "dripping water wears away the stone" is dangerous.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① The elderly, the infirm and the patients with respiratory diseases, with weak constitution, are high-risk groups of lung diseases and heart diseases. ② Infants' respiratory tract is immature, weak in resistance and susceptible to infection. (3) outdoor workers are susceptible to infection due to long-term inhalation of dust, and protective measures must be taken. (4) Reduce the opportunities for children and the elderly and infirm to go out.

Contraindications: Do not seek medical attention immediately when there are symptoms such as dyspnea and cough in dusty weather.

15, how to do a good job of health care when the sandstorm comes

Experts suggest that tiny particles suspended in the air will be inhaled into the lungs due to sandstorms, which will cause respiratory diseases.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① In dusty weather, try to reduce going out, especially for the elderly, children and the infirm. (2) When you have to go out, you should wear masks and goggles and do a good job in physical protection. 3 Drink plenty of water when the weather is dry and replenish the water lost by the body in time. Eat lightly and avoid physical discomfort such as dry mouth.

Contraindications: Don't buy outdoor food, and don't eat outdoor food in the street.

16. How to deal with foreign bodies in eyes caused by strong wind?

Expert tip: This is the most common physical damage phenomenon in wind disasters.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① Foreign objects entering eyes will cause tears. At this time, you can hold your eyelids with your fingers and pull them gently, so that tears can enter the place where there is a foreign body and rush out. You can also wash it with eye drops. ② You can ask someone to hold the outer edge of eyelid with index finger and thumb, gently pull it out, and then gently blow it out with your mouth when you find a foreign body, or gently wipe it off with a clean handkerchief. Pay attention to washing your hands before turning your eyelids. ③ If intraocular foreign bodies have been embedded in the cornea, or other abnormal conditions are found, do not handle them at will. You must go to the hospital for a doctor.

Taboo: don't rub it hard, it is easy for foreign bodies to scratch the cornea or even the eyeball.

17. What is the harm of "narrow tube effect" in urban topography?

Expert tip: High-rise buildings in cities are the root cause of the "narrow pipe effect".

The essentials of self-help and mutual rescue: ① The bustling business district with high-rise buildings is a man-made "tuyere", with disordered airflow, multiplied wind and dense personnel, which should cause casualties. ② In the bustling business district, there are many advertisements and signboards, which are easily blown down by strong winds. ③ Try not to drive and walk in the "narrow tube effect" area in windy weather, which is easy to bring accidents.

Prohibitions and Taboos: Do not stay under billboards and other hanging objects.