Jia Hongbo: Should we give full play to the guiding role of the state in innovation and entrepreneurship? Innovation-driven and capital-led? At the summit forum, Jia Hongbo, secretary general of China Fund Association, said that the management attached great importance to the driving role of innovation and entrepreneurship in economic transformation. However, at present, there are many problems in innovation and entrepreneurship, and it is necessary to increase guidance.
Jia Hongbo pointed out that the main problems in innovation and entrepreneurship are: First, the success rate of entrepreneurship is low and blindness is great, resulting in a waste of social resources. Second, some institutions and individuals borrow money? Double creation? In the name of seeking preferential policies, it is actually engaged in some restrictive industries such as real estate, which deviates from the original intention of national policies. Third, the original innovation is insufficient and the quality of innovation is not high; There are many shallow and shallow innovations, and some even stay in repetitive, low-threshold and non-technical innovations. Some projects hype packaging traces too heavy, divorced from reality.
Jia Hongbo said that innovation and entrepreneurship, as a systematic project, need to strengthen guidance and create a good social environment. Compared with the United States, Britain, Germany and Japan, China's? Double creation? It has just started, and it needs to be continuously improved in innovative training, culture, education and other basic supporting aspects.
On the Importance of College Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Plan
Practice is the source of knowledge and the inexhaustible motive force for development. Understanding and perfecting practical initiative and correct understanding can actively promote the occurrence and development of practice. How to combine practice and knowledge closely, and then create value for mankind has been discussed, and innovation and entrepreneurship is a process of perfect combination of knowledge and practice. ? Innovative business plan? This is very common among college students, such as the preschool education major of the School of Humanities Education of Shandong Sheikh University? Innovation and entrepreneurship training program? Project seminars, colleges in our school have also held mobilization meetings for the application of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship training plan. To make it easier for readers to learn more? Innovative business plan? The author makes an in-depth analysis from the following aspects.
First, innovation and entrepreneurship education overview
Innovation and entrepreneurship education originated in the United States and other developed countries, and experienced three stages of development: start, development and maturity. At different stages of development, the emphasis of innovation and entrepreneurship education is different. At the beginning, it was mainly to impart entrepreneurial knowledge and classroom teaching; In the development stage, we mainly focus on cultivating students' comprehensive ability; In the mature stage, it turns to focus on cultivating students' enterprising spirit and pioneering spirit. In the long-term development process, three educational models have also been formed, namely, the specialized education model based on classroom education; The cooperative education mode combining universities, enterprises and society; The entrepreneurial education model for college students formed through entrepreneurial competitions and entrepreneurial projects. Compared with foreign countries, China's innovation and entrepreneurship education started late and developed slowly, so it is particularly necessary to learn from relevant foreign education models.
Second, the significance of cultivating college students' innovative and entrepreneurial ability
1. Cultivating college students' innovative and entrepreneurial ability is an effective way to alleviate the severe employment situation of college students. In 20001year, there were only10.07 million college graduates in China, and in 2003 it was 210.2 million, which rose rapidly to 6.99 million in 20 13 years. However, the number of jobs in the whole society has not increased with the increase of the number of graduates, that is, there has been an imbalance. Many college students' faces? Adventure park? Under the embarrassing situation, the number of unemployed college graduates rose from 340,000 in 200/kloc-0 to 520,000 in 2003, and reached 654,380+0,440,000 in 2006,5438+03, and its continuous upward trend has not been curbed. Affected by the international financial crisis and the national policy of delaying retirement, the current employment situation is becoming increasingly severe. How to break through the bottleneck of education and relieve the pressure of employment, educators are doing all kinds of thinking and trying. As a high-knowledge group, college students have good internal foundation and conditions for innovation and entrepreneurship, which can play a good leading and driving role in national entrepreneurship. Therefore, in addition to the elective courses of innovation and entrepreneurship organized by the school, Anhui Province has provided free innovation and entrepreneurship training for college students since 20 1 1, and conducted targeted training? GYB？ (generate your business idea), SYB？ (Start a business) and other training modes will help some college students who are willing to start a business to enhance their innovative ideas, clarify their entrepreneurial goals, and master the professional knowledge necessary for starting a business so as to stand out from the competition in the future.
2. Cultivating college students' innovative and entrepreneurial ability is the need to adapt to the rapidly developing modern society. At present, with the rapid development of social science and technology, the competition in the talent market is becoming increasingly fierce, which leads to higher and higher requirements for the comprehensive quality of employees in modern enterprises, which is also a factor that can not be ignored in the employment of college graduates. As far as chemistry specialty is concerned, the observation and detection of chemical substances and reaction processes have developed from simple naked eye observation to precise positioning of various high-end precision instruments, such as atomic spectrum, molecular spectrum, chromatography, spectrophotometry, laser spectrum, Raman spectrum and so on. The combination with computer makes the detection and analysis effect more convenient, fast and accurate. This requires us to master the necessary skills to use high-tech instruments. If you don't improve your comprehensive ability and innovation ability, and don't learn and improve your various instruments, the development prospect of chemistry will become dim. At work, we should not only have a rigorous and pragmatic style and a strong sense of responsibility, but also have a solid foundation and an extraordinary spirit of innovation. Only in this way can we have a place in the fierce competition and become a member of our peers.
3. Cultivating college students' innovative and entrepreneurial ability is to build an innovative country and implement it. Rejuvenate the country through science and education? The need of strategy. Comrade Jiang Zemin once pointed out that innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and an inexhaustible motive force for the country's prosperity; The competition of comprehensive national strength in the world today is, in the final analysis, the competition between scientific and technological strength and high-quality talents. A country with innovative ability and a large number of high-quality human resources has great potential for developing knowledge economy. Vigorously cultivating college students' innovative and entrepreneurial ability can deliver a large number of new young people with innovative thinking to the society, effectively maintain and promote the establishment of the national innovation system, which is in line with the development strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and building an innovative country.
Third, the importance of cultivating college students' innovative and entrepreneurial ability
The Ministry of Education pointed out in the Opinions on Vigorously Promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Colleges and Universities and College Students' Self-employment. Carrying out innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is an important way to deepen the teaching reform of higher education and cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability. An important measure to implement entrepreneurship to promote employment and promote the full employment of college graduates. ? The purpose of cultivating innovation and entrepreneurship is to stimulate and tap students' enthusiasm for innovation and entrepreneurship, so that students can understand the new trends of scientific and technological development and new opportunities for social entrepreneurship, and point out the direction for future study and entrepreneurship. In recent years, innovative business plans? College students pay more and more attention to competition. At present, there are two parallel events in the national series of scientific and technological academic competitions for college students. One is the extracurricular academic scientific and technological works competition; The other is a business plan competition, mainly for business projects. The implementation of the business plan competition is not only to win a few gold medals, but also to give students a platform. It is hoped that through this model, students will be educated in innovation and their innovative and entrepreneurial abilities will be enhanced. Such activities have played a very good role in college students, such as 20 12 12 16. Kunshan Huaqiao Cup? In the 7th College Students' Career Planning and Design Competition in Anhui Province, the School of Foreign Languages of our school won the gold medal in the Career Planning Group, the School of Mechanical Engineering won the gold medal in the Entrepreneurship Group and the silver prize in the Entrepreneurship Group of the Institute of Chemical Technology. In the contest, the students United and cooperated positively, which not only showed the creative pioneering spirit, but also showed the determination to work hard, showed the brand-new look and spiritual outlook of the post-90s generation, strengthened the public's confidence in the post-90s generation, and also inspired many college students to re-examine themselves, make clear their goals, integrate theory with practice, and be diligent in thinking, and started various innovative and entrepreneurial attempts.
Times call for innovation, and times call for entrepreneurship. Carrying out innovation and entrepreneurship education among contemporary college students is bound to cultivate a large number of innovative talents, bring more jobs to the society and make the society develop better. Contemporary college students should strengthen their own experience, improve their ability, accept the mission entrusted by society more effectively, become the leaders of society and walk in the forefront of the times.
The great significance of innovation and entrepreneurship 1. Connotation of Entrepreneurial Innovation
Entrepreneurship is a way of thinking, reasoning and behavior. It is driven by opportunities and needs comprehensive consideration of methods and harmonious leadership. Entrepreneurship must contribute time and energy, and bear the corresponding financial, spiritual and social risks. It is a social behavior with the purpose of obtaining financial returns, personal satisfaction and independence.
Innovation refers to the act of improving or creating new things, methods, elements, paths and environments by using existing knowledge and materials in a specific environment to meet the needs of idealization or society and obtain certain beneficial results.
2. Basic conditions for entrepreneurial innovation
(1) The new technological revolution provides a convenient tool for mass innovation and entrepreneurship.
(2) Scientific and technological innovation and system reform provide conditions for mass innovation and entrepreneurship.
(3) High-quality talents provide a source of wisdom for mass innovation and entrepreneurship.
3. The significance of innovation and entrepreneurship
(1) mass innovation and entrepreneurship is a new driving force for steady growth.
(2) Mass innovation and entrepreneurship is a new way to adjust the structure.
(3) Mass innovation and entrepreneurship is a new way to innovate industrial organizations.
(4) Mass innovation and entrepreneurship is a new vitality driven by innovation.
4. Measures to promote entrepreneurial innovation
(1) Build a number of low-cost, convenient, all-factor and open creative spaces.
(2) Lower the threshold for innovation and entrepreneurship. Deepen the reform of the commercial system and provide convenience for the start-up enterprise industrial and commercial registration.
(3) Encourage scientific and technological personnel and college students to start businesses.
(4) Supporting public services for innovation and entrepreneurship.
(5) Strengthen financial guidance.
(6) Improve the risk investment and financing mechanism.
(7) Enrich innovation and entrepreneurship activities, and establish and improve the entrepreneurship counseling system.
(eight) to create a cultural atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship.
Theoretical and practical significance of mass entrepreneurship and innovation; Promoting mass entrepreneurship and innovation is the source of development, the way to enrich the people, the measure of fairness and the strategy of strengthening the country. 20 15 Central Economic Work Conference clearly put forward that we should adhere to the strategy of innovation-driven development, promote mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and rely on reform and innovation to accelerate the growth of new kinetic energy and the transformation and upgrading of traditional kinetic energy. How to understand the significance of mass entrepreneurship and innovation from the theoretical and practical levels, how to release the vitality of entrepreneurial innovation from the practical level and create new kinetic energy for economic and social development? We specially invite relevant experts and scholars to elaborate on these issues in depth.
The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the strategy of innovation-driven development, which is an urgent and significant strategic task related to the overall situation of the national economy. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee took innovation as the first of the five development concepts, and further pointed out that to persist in innovation and development, we must put innovation at the core of the overall development of the country, and constantly promote innovations in theoretical innovation, institutional innovation, scientific and technological innovation, cultural innovation and other aspects, so that innovation runs through the work of the party and the country and becomes a common practice in the whole society. In the 20 15 government work report, Premier Li Keqiang proposed to promote mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and cultivate and promote new impetus for economic and social development. In June this year, the State Council promulgated the Opinions on Several Measures to Vigorously Promote Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation, which clearly pointed out that promoting mass entrepreneurship and innovation is an inevitable choice to cultivate and promote new impetus for economic and social development, a fundamental measure to expand employment and realize the road of enriching the people, and an effective way to stimulate the innovation potential and entrepreneurial vitality of the whole society. This is the result of summing up the practical experience and theoretical understanding at home and abroad, which is in line with the development reality and innovation trend in the world today and has important theoretical and practical significance.
First, mass entrepreneurship and innovation reveal the scientific connotation and essential requirements of the theory of innovation and entrepreneurship.
Schumpeter, an economist, believes that innovation is the reorganization of factors of production by entrepreneurs. Later, the concept and theory of innovation continued to develop. Drucker, an American management scientist, believes that innovation is an act of giving resources new ability to create wealth. There are two main types of innovation: technological innovation and social innovation. North, a famous economist, believes that the development of the world economy is a process in which institutional innovation and technological innovation constantly promote each other. Compared with innovation theory, entrepreneurship research started late and has not yet formed a unified analytical framework. It is generally believed that entrepreneurship refers to the process that a person discovers and seizes opportunities to create new products or services, and its main symbol and feature is to create new enterprises or new organizations. Entrepreneurship is not limited to the activities of establishing new enterprises, but also exists in existing enterprises. Entrepreneurs can refer to both the founders of new enterprises and entrepreneurs with innovative spirit in existing enterprises.
In the field of economics, innovation and entrepreneurship are two closely related but different concepts. To some extent, they are complementary and alternative. Innovation is the foundation and soul of entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship is essentially an innovative activity. However, there is a difference between entrepreneurship and innovation. From the existing economic theory and research, innovation emphasizes its relationship with economic growth, and the famous economist Thoreau quantitatively calculates the contribution of technological progress to economic growth. The connotation of entrepreneurship is richer, including not only innovative content, but also employment, social development and fairness and justice.
There are many factors affecting innovation and entrepreneurship, including national quality, basic research level, scientific research infrastructure conditions, institutional policy environment and so on. But the core is human factors, and the key is the development and growth of innovative enterprises. To some extent, to promote innovation and development is to adhere to people-oriented innovation, improve the national education level, and fully mobilize and stimulate people's entrepreneurial innovation genes. It is to persist in promoting innovation with enterprises as the main body, vigorously promote the development of entrepreneurial enterprises, and strengthen the role of enterprise innovation engine.
The proposal of mass entrepreneurship and innovation closely combines entrepreneurship and innovation with people and enterprises, which not only highlights the need to build an engine of economic growth, but also highlights the need to build an engine of employment and social development, highlighting both elite entrepreneurship and grassroots entrepreneurship and practical innovation, reflecting entrepreneurship, innovation, people and enterprises? Four in one? The general requirements of innovation and development reveal the scientific connotation and essential requirements of the theory of innovation and entrepreneurship, and open up a new world for the theoretical and practical research of innovation and entrepreneurship.
Second, mass entrepreneurship and innovation reflect the history of human innovation and the general law of economic development.
Who should do innovation and entrepreneurship, how to choose entrepreneurs and what the government should do are the problems we often encounter in promoting the development of innovation and entrepreneurship. Now, some people think that entrepreneurship is a minority? Genius? People must have such qualities and conditions. Actually, this is a misunderstanding.
The development history of human society is actually a history of mass entrepreneurship and innovation. For example, many important technologies in the steam engine revolution were invented by technicians. China's practice since the reform and opening up has fully illustrated this point. For example, after the rural system reform centered on the household contract system in the early 1980s, farmers' entrepreneurial enthusiasm was greatly stimulated, and a large number of township enterprises mushroomed, resulting in a number of entrepreneurial enterprises represented by Wanxiang Group today. Since then, with the reform of the economic system and the scientific and technological system, a large number of researchers and employees of state-owned enterprises have emerged? Start a business in the sea? A large number of private enterprises have sprung up, which has made a number of entrepreneurial enterprises represented by Huawei, Lenovo and Haier today. Many of these are? Grassroots entrepreneurship? It is mass entrepreneurship and innovation. Moreover, many successful enterprises are often? Grassroots? It's done.
Therefore, promoting innovation and entrepreneurship must be changed? Choose athletes? The way should be to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in the whole society, create a fair competitive market environment, let the broad masses of people participate in the tide of innovation and entrepreneurship, and let a large number of outstanding talents stand out in the great practice of innovation and entrepreneurship.
Third, mass entrepreneurship and innovation are the key ways to persist in innovation development and implement the innovation-driven development strategy.
Premier Li Keqiang pointed out at the national symposium on science and technology strategy that to implement the strategy of innovation-driven development, we should insist on putting science and technology innovation at the core of the overall national development, not only give full play to the leading role of science and technology innovation and the backbone role of scientific and technological personnel, but also stimulate the infinite wisdom and strength of the masses to the maximum extent, thus forming a new situation of mass entrepreneurship and innovation. Want to rely on it? Internet plus? Platform, gather wisdom and innovation, cultivate the social soil of scientific and technological progress, open up the channel of scientific and technological achievements transformation, realize the effective docking of innovation chain and industrial chain, and shape the new competitive advantage of China's development. To combine science and technology with people's creativity on a larger scale, at a deeper level and at a higher level, we must? Top the sky? Strive to break through the core key technologies and bravely climb the peak of world science and technology. Site? Through mass entrepreneurship and innovation, scientific and technological achievements will be transformed into real productive forces. This requires us to focus on improving the quality of education, promoting the reform of the science and technology system, strengthening the talents and the cornerstone of science and technology for innovation and development, deepening mass entrepreneurship and innovation, vigorously promoting the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship in the whole society, making entrepreneurial enterprises, including newly established enterprises and existing enterprises, emerge and grow continuously, constantly injecting new strength and vitality into the innovation engine of enterprises, and gathering to form a new impetus for economic development.
On the one hand, we should vigorously promote the continuous emergence and large-scale development of start-ups. A lot of research shows that start-ups are the source of innovation. The commercialization of many important technologies and inventions in history was originally completed by these enterprises. At the same time, start-ups are also the engine of employment growth. According to the latest analysis report in the United States, in recent years, among the 20% new jobs in the United States, entrepreneurial enterprises accounted for 3%. It is those entrepreneurs who constantly create new products and services, profoundly change our production and lifestyle, and create a lot of employment opportunities. At present, they are entrepreneurs in the fields of clean energy, biomedicine, advanced manufacturing and information technology. Promote the development of emerging industries such as new energy, biology and next-generation information technology, and solve major challenges such as resources and environmental health that we face around the world.
On the other hand, we should vigorously promote the entrepreneurial innovation of existing enterprises, especially large enterprises. The research on the theory and practice of entrepreneurship shows that although many entrepreneurs start from scratch, entrepreneurship can also be carried out within existing enterprises. Existing enterprises, especially large enterprises, need to carry forward the entrepreneurial spirit to win more profits and long-term development of enterprises. Is the innovation and development of large enterprises due to the advantages of talents, technology, brands and markets? Field army? It plays an important role in promoting mass entrepreneurship and innovation, not only because large enterprises can quickly commercialize innovative products by acquiring small and medium-sized enterprises, but also because large enterprises themselves can cultivate and incubate many small enterprises. From the perspective of China, many large enterprises are also actively promoting entrepreneurial innovation, which plays an important role in mass entrepreneurship and innovation. For example, Tencent, Blonde Technology, Daan Gene and other large enterprises set up incubators around the needs of the whole industry chain, which incubated and cultivated a large number of technology-based start-ups and formed an agglomeration effect. Haier proposes to change employees from employers and executors to entrepreneurs and partners, and vigorously promote enterprises? Start your own business? Realize the transformation of enterprises from products to makers.
Fourth, mass entrepreneurship and innovation are major structural reforms to promote supply innovation.
Promoting structural reform on the supply side is an important task for China's current economic development. Generally speaking, the supply-side structural reform mainly refers to the major and key reforms on the input side and production side of factors. The core is to promote the reform of finance, land and other factors and the reform of production end, improve the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises, rejuvenate entrepreneurship, create high-quality products and services that can stimulate consumer demand, meet new demand and open up new markets, promote the vigorous development of new technologies, industries and formats, and accelerate the transformation of development momentum. The most important thing is to let more social capital participate in investment and fully stimulate the vitality of microeconomic entities through government system reform.
Mass entrepreneurship and innovation can greatly increase effective supply, enhance microeconomic vitality, accelerate the development of emerging industries, expand employment, increase residents' income, and promote vertical social mobility and fairness and justice, which are the engines of economic development. Under the current situation, we should make great efforts to create mass entrepreneurship and innovation, which are the new engines and new impetus for China's economic growth, and vigorously promote the reform of key links such as government supervision, investment and financing, science and technology system, and key areas such as biomedical health, new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, general aviation and cultural tourism. For example, we should focus on cultivating small and micro enterprises and promoting the innovation of large enterprises, vigorously promote the reform of investment and financing and capital markets, and focus on solving the problems of financing difficulties and expensive financing for enterprises. We must vigorously promote the reform of systems and mechanisms such as energy, electricity and logistics, and strive to reduce the cost of entrepreneurial innovation. Want it? Release water to raise fish? Promote the structural reform of the fiscal and taxation system and reduce the tax burden of small and micro enterprises. In terms of production, it is necessary to liberalize the market access of the service industry, expand opening to the outside world, allow more new enterprises to enter fairly, and enhance the vitality of the service industry. It is necessary to further promote entrepreneurial innovation in traditional industries, encourage employees to actively use new technologies such as internet plus and big data, promote technological innovation and equipment upgrading, extensively carry out technological innovation, and accelerate the traditional manufacturing industry to move towards the middle and high end. It is necessary to adapt to the current rapid development trend of new technologies, new products and new formats, improve the government management system, strengthen the support of talents, technology and finance, and strive to create a good ecology conducive to the continuous emergence and development of emerging enterprises and the rapid commercialization of new technologies, new products and new formats.
If you don't accumulate steps, you can't become a river. At present, a new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is ready to go, and China's economy has entered a critical period of speed change, structural transformation and power transformation. Facing the new situation, we should further promote mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and strive to create a social environment and cultural atmosphere conducive to the continuous emergence of outstanding scientists, inventors, technical experts and entrepreneurs, so that mass entrepreneurship and innovation can become a common practice, so that everyone who is full of dreams and willing to work hard can succeed, and achieve steady and sustained economic growth, national prosperity, people's prosperity and social fairness and justice. (Original Source: Economic Daily Author: Wang Changlin, Vice President of Macroeconomic Research Institute of National Development and Reform Commission)
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