The connection and difference between innovation and entrepreneurship: the concept of innovation.
19 12 years, Austrian economist J.ASchumpeter first put forward the concept of "innovation". 1939, he perfected his theory and put forward that innovation means "establishing a new production function", that is, introducing a new combination of production factors and production conditions into the production system.
From 65438 to 0985, Peter &; Middot peter drucker developed innovative theory. He pointed out that any behavior that changes the wealth creation potential of existing resources can be called innovation. Drucker believes that innovation is not only creation, but also not necessarily technology; The test of an innovation is not its novelty, its scientific connotation, its intelligence, but its success after its launch, that is, whether it can create new value for the public.
The concept of entrepreneurship
In academic circles, there is no complete agreement on the definition of "entrepreneurship". Table 1 lists the main schools and their characteristics in the field of entrepreneurship research. But in recent years, the following two points have been basically recognized: first, entrepreneurship is a process, not an event; Second, the pursuit of opportunities is the core element of entrepreneurship.
The connection and difference between innovation and entrepreneurship
Due to the demand of social and economic development and the factors of national policy orientation, "innovation" and "entrepreneurship" have become the focus of academic research in China in recent years. And many researchers follow the viewpoint of "innovation", overemphasizing the internal relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship, and advocating that "entrepreneurship is the process of realizing innovation, and innovation is the essence and means of entrepreneurship".
Swedish management scientist Kaj Mickos(2004) believes that "entrepreneurship is not innovation, and innovation is not entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship may or may not involve innovation; Innovation may or may not involve entrepreneurship. " Combining with reality, we can easily find that Micos's proposition is objective.
The relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship (enterprise) refers to the establishment of a foundation or cause, that is, independent development and creation of results and achievements.
Innovation is a series of actions from the emergence of new ideas to product design, trial production, production, marketing and marketization. Innovation is an interactive network between different participants and institutions (including enterprises, governments, schools, scientific research institutions, etc.). ). In this network, any node may become a specific innovation space.
Entrepreneurship can also be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, it refers to the entrepreneurial practice of entrepreneurs, and its function points to the great cause of the country, the collective and the group. In a narrow sense, entrepreneurship refers to the production and business activities of entrepreneurs, mainly the establishment of enterprises and the establishment of small industrial bodies for individuals and families.
Innovation is the foundation of entrepreneurship;
The effectiveness of innovation can only be tested by future entrepreneurial practice;
Entrepreneurship is the carrier and manifestation of innovation, and the success or failure of entrepreneurship depends on the solid foundation of innovation education;
Innovation is the overall grasp of human development, and entrepreneurship focuses on the concrete embodiment of human value;
They promote and restrict each other, which is an inseparable dialectical unity.
The similarity between innovation and entrepreneurship does not mean that they can replace each other.
Because it is not enough to have innovative spirit, it only provides the possibility and necessary preparation for the success of entrepreneurship. If you are divorced from entrepreneurial practice and lack certain entrepreneurial ability, the spirit of innovation will become passive water and a tree without roots.
The significance of innovation spirit can only be reflected when it is applied to entrepreneurial practice, and it is possible to finally produce entrepreneurial success.
Entrepreneurship and innovation have the same goal, the same content, the same function and the same goal. Focus on entrepreneurial practice and organically combine entrepreneurship and innovation through various channels. The content structure of innovation and entrepreneurship is complementary.
The acceleration of global economic integration and the arrival of the knowledge economy era not only make it an urgent task for China universities to carry out and strengthen the education of innovation and entrepreneurship for college students, but also make innovation and entrepreneurship become the main theme of today's era and an important way to realize a country's economic development, which has attracted increasing attention from all countries in the world.
Based on the above understanding, this paper focuses on the basic concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship and the relationship between them, aiming at giving college students a comprehensive understanding and understanding of the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship.
In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the scale of colleges and universities and enrollment in China, the corresponding number of graduates has also increased dramatically. According to the statistics of relevant departments, the number of graduates in China accounted for more than half of the new jobs in that year, which obviously exceeded the demand, which led to the increasingly severe employment situation of college graduates, and the difficulty in employment of graduates has also become a problem that colleges and universities must face. The average level of innovation and entrepreneurship education for college students in China is lower than the world level, lacking innovative thinking and poor entrepreneurial awareness. In such a social environment, it will be an important task and an important turning point for colleges and universities to carry out innovation and entrepreneurship education, promote students' all-round development and success, and promote employment through entrepreneurship.
First, the basic concept of innovation and entrepreneurship
(A) the basic concept of innovation
1. The meaning of innovation
Innovation is a conceptual process, characterized by new thinking, new inventions and new descriptions. It originated from Latin, and its original meaning consists of three layers: one is renewal; Second, create new things; Third, change. Innovation is a unique cognitive and practical ability of human beings, an advanced expression of human subjective initiative and an inexhaustible motive force to promote national progress and social development.
With the in-depth study of the relationship among modern social science, technology, economic development and social progress, people will have a deeper understanding of the concept of innovation.
2. Classification of innovation
At present, according to the different innovation objects in innovation activities, it can be divided into innovation atmosphere, knowledge innovation and technological innovation.
(1) Knowledge innovation refers to the process of acquiring new knowledge of basic science and technical science through scientific research. Knowledge innovation provides new theories and methods for human beings to understand and transform the world, and provides inexhaustible motive force for the progress of human civilization and social development.
(2) Technological innovation refers to enterprises applying innovative knowledge and new technologies, adopting new production and operation methods, improving product quality, developing and producing new products, providing new services, occupying the market and realizing market value.
(3) Knowledge innovation and technological innovation, as the main aspects of human innovation activities, have complex interactions with each other. Knowledge innovation is the foundation of technological innovation, and technological innovation is the application of knowledge innovation in development.
3. The significance of innovation
(1) For a country, innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and the driving force of a country's prosperity. With the intensification of competition, innovation has become the development of a country.
It is also the key to development. Innovation is fresh blood with oxygen and the life of a country.
(2) For an individual, innovation is the source of vitality and vigor in one's work and even career. Specifically, innovation will determine a person's development prospects, career level, courage and strategy.
(B) the basic concept of entrepreneurship
1. The significance of starting a business
Generally speaking, entrepreneurship is a social practice activity that can best reflect human subjectivity in human social life. It is a way of working and a behavior that requires entrepreneurs to think, reason and judge by organizing and using services, technologies and instruments. Entrepreneurship can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense.
In a broad sense, entrepreneurship refers to the social practice activities in which people in all fields of social life engage in creating new undertakings, which is highlighted by a specific spirit, ability and behavior mode embodied by the subject in positive social practice.
In a narrow sense, entrepreneurship is an economic category, which refers to an economic activity in which the subject provides products and services to the society by setting up a certain enterprise organization form for the purpose of creating value and employment opportunities.
2. Classification of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship mainly includes self-employment, replication and innovation. Innovative enterprises refer to business owners who fill the gap in market demand by providing creative products or services. Its value lies in providing creative products and services provided by enterprises to meet the growing material and cultural needs of the market and society.
3. The significance of starting a business
(1) For the society, entrepreneurship can promote the national economic development and scientific and technological innovation, create huge economic benefits and material wealth, increase the social employment rate and enrich employment channels, which is of great and far-reaching significance, especially for alleviating the current employment pressure in China. Moreover, people's entrepreneurial practice also has the function of promoting the development of innovative education in China and accelerating the cultivation of innovative talents to meet and adapt to people's entrepreneurial needs.
(2) For individuals, they will encounter various difficulties and risks in the process of starting a business. While solving these problems, we should improve our comprehensive ability and make ourselves mature.
Second, the relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation
(A) the fit between innovation and entrepreneurship
Although entrepreneurship and innovation are two different concepts, they are consistent in essence, inclusive in connotation and interactive in practice.
Schumpeter, a famous Austrian economist who put forward the concept of innovation for the first time, believes that innovation is an unprecedented new combination of production factors and production conditions, which can constantly update the original cost curve, thus generating excess profits or potential excess profits. These essential connotations of innovation activities reflect their essential consistency and correlation with entrepreneurial activities.
Innovation is the foundation of entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship promotes innovation. Generally speaking, the innovation of science and technology and ideas is promoting people's material production and lifestyle changes, triggering new production and lifestyle, and then providing new consumer demand for the whole society, which is the fundamental driving force for entrepreneurial activities; On the other hand, entrepreneurship is essentially people's innovative practice. Regardless of the nature and type of entrepreneurial activities, they all
There is a common feature that entrepreneurship is a dynamic and pioneering practical activity of the subject and a highly autonomous behavior. In the process of entrepreneurial practice, the subjective initiative of the subject will be fully exerted and publicized, which fully embodies the innovative characteristics of entrepreneurship.
(b) Interaction between entrepreneurship and innovation
1. Innovation is the essence and source of entrepreneurship.
Economist Xiong Porter once pointed out that "entrepreneurship includes innovations and technologies that have never been tried". Only when entrepreneurs have continuous innovative thinking and innovative consciousness in the process of starting a business can they produce new ideas and schemes, seek new models and new ideas, and finally succeed in starting a business.
2. The value of innovation lies in entrepreneurship.
To a certain extent, the value of innovation lies in transforming potential knowledge, technology and market opportunities into real productive forces, realizing the growth of social wealth and benefiting human society. And the fundamental way to realize this change is to start a business. Entrepreneurs are not necessarily innovators or inventors, but they must have the spirit of discovering potential business opportunities and taking risks; Innovators are not necessarily entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs, but the results of innovation are pushed to the market by entrepreneurs, which makes the potential value marketized and the innovation results transformed into real productive forces. This also reflects the correlation between innovation and entrepreneurship.
3. Entrepreneurship promotes and deepens innovation
Entrepreneurship can promote the continuous emergence of new inventions, new products or new services, create new market demand, thus further promoting and deepening innovation in all aspects, thereby improving the innovation ability of enterprises or the whole country and promoting economic growth.
Through the above discussion on the relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation, we know that they are intrinsically linked and inseparable, and we also understand that the combination of entrepreneurship and innovation is very important to solve the current employment problem in China, which will greatly affect the development and prospects of China. Because of the close relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship and innovation education in China's colleges and universities should penetrate and integrate with each other, carry forward the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship, improve the mechanism of innovation and entrepreneurship, improve the environment of innovation and entrepreneurship, strengthen the combination of Industry-University-Research, strengthen the cross-penetration and integration of innovation and entrepreneurship, and constantly combine them in practice, so as to promote the sustainable development of society.
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3. The difference between innovation and entrepreneurship
4. Innovation and entrepreneurial experience
5. The purpose and significance of innovation and entrepreneurship
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7. Personal views on innovation or entrepreneurship