Archaeologists in China believe that 10,000 to 5,000 years ago is the early and middle period of the Neolithic Age in China, that is, the legendary Shennong Age. Five or six thousand years ago, it was the transitional period from the late Neolithic period to the bronze ware, which was the legendary Yellow Emperor era. Yandi and Huangdi are not only clan leaders, but also clan and tribe titles, representing two eras respectively, namely Yandi era and Huangdi era. Prior to this, Hunan had hundreds of thousands of years of paleolithic culture history. Hunan has a warm and humid climate, and Jiangyong area in the south is a primitive wild rice producing area. Pottery and three complete kinds of rice grains were found in Yuchandong site in Daoxian County, which is adjacent to Jiangyong. The earlier one is wild rice, and the later one is cultivated rice. It also retains the comprehensive characteristics of wild rice, indica rice and japonica rice, and is the earliest cultivated rice specimen found in the world so far. This shows that the ancestors of Daoxian county took the lead in igniting the hope of developing rice culture by cultivating and transforming wild rice in the face of wild rice that nature could not meet people's edible needs.
The middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the late Paleolithic period has become a homologous link between the two sides. Passing through Jiangling, Hubei Province, it is the Liyang alluvial plain with soft soil in Dongting District, Hunan Province, which has the natural conditions for developing large-scale rice culture. Since the late Paleolithic, ancestors have entered this plain one after another. Eight or nine thousand years ago, there were ideographic symbols, ideographic paintings and totems in Pengtou Mountain in Lixian County. About 8,000 years ago, more than 20,000 grains of rice were found in the eighty sites in Lixian County, which is the place with the largest number of prehistoric grains found in the world. There are also agricultural tools such as wooden lei, wooden shovel and bone shovel, as well as processing tools such as wooden pestle, which are completely consistent with the legendary records of "Shennong's work, wood as shovel, rubbing wood as shovel, Lei Li teaches the world" in Zhouyi, while "Dead Body" in the middle of the Warring States Period said that "Shennong has seventy worlds" and "the world" shows that Shennong clan moved from Shaanxi and Gansu to Liyang. Pottery-making technology is also quite skilled, with various forms of pots and white pottery. Painted pottery is the most distinctive and radiant, spreading to neighboring areas such as Yuan, Hunan and western Hubei. Huxiang culture has been constantly innovating since then. 6500 years ago, the ancient city of Chengtoushan and the rice fields in Lixian County were excavated, which confirmed the legend of Shennong that "the day is the city". Some terraced buildings were found in the ruins of Lixian in the 1980s. The main part in the middle of a building foundation is about 40 cm above the ground, and its four corners are trumpet-shaped and the plane is starfish-shaped. The site of this etiquette center reminds people that Lixian 80 was the center of Shennong era. The first generation of Shennong Party set out from here for a southern tour to treat diseases, and was buried at the end of Changsha tea town because of the mistake of tasting money grass. Shennong was acclaimed as the central clan to create agricultural civilization, and its descendants were recruited and spread in all directions. The last generation of Wang Yu tribe in Yan Di was defeated in the Battle of Hanquan, and its leaves fell near the graves of its ancestors. In this way, the Huxiang culture in the whole Shennong era developed in the heart of Shennong central clan, and it also soaked the spirit of Shennong clan culture.
With the passage of time, the Huangdi clan rose from the Yellow River valley and gradually merged with the Yan Di clan to form the Yanhuang Alliance, which became the most powerful tribal group in ancient China. Yan Di Shennong was the founder of this alliance, and then the Yellow Emperor took its place, unifying the Central Plains and expanding the Quartet. Yanhuang Group entered the Emirates era on the eve of the country's rise. The Yellow Emperor became the first chieftain and continued to hold high the banner of the Yanhuang Alliance, pushing the primitive civilization initiated by Emperor Yan to a new historical stage, thus laying a solid foundation for an ancient civilization with the largest nationality and population in the world that has been stable and unified for thousands of years. Huxiang culture has also developed into Yanhuang culture.
The basic spirit of Yanhuang culture is highly summarized as "self-improvement" and "respecting morality and carrying things" in the Book of Changes, which is a metaphor for the integration of heaven and earth. This generalization is not only reflected in the philosophical thoughts of the sages, but also in the basic spirit of continuing to play a role in the cultural tradition of Yanhuang. This is the spirit of hard work and entrepreneurship that dares to conquer the wild, the pioneering and innovative spirit that is diligent in scientific and technological inventions, the spirit of sacrifice and dedication that is willing to benefit the people, and the spirit of national unity that is inclusive and complementary. In the cultural tradition of Hunan ancestors who first invented cultivated rice, there is also a personality trait that is used to carrying forward subjective initiative and being the first in the world. These characters and spirits, which are inherited from the same strain to this day, have become the basis of Huxiang cultural value orientation and way of thinking, and formed the collectivism values that the national interests of the country are higher than the personal interests, the prominent patriotic traditional orientation, and the strong sense of responsibility and mission of the individual for the rise and fall of the country and the rise and fall of the nation. This value orientation has also created the thinking mode of Huxiang culture, that is, the open way of learning from many schools at home and abroad, blending extensively and optimizing the thinking subject. The above three levels have forged the philosophical thoughts from Zhou Dunyi, Hu Hong to Wang Chuanshan, as well as their sincere, positive, pragmatic, change-seeking, truth-seeking and pragmatic philosophical direction. The enlightenment thought of1at the beginning of the 7th century, represented by Wang Chuanshan, was not pushed to the historical foreground until the late Qing Dynasty and became an important ideological resource of the national salvation movement in modern China.
Huxiang culture refers to a historical and cultural form with distinctive characteristics, relative stability and inheritance. Huxiang culture in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties should be incorporated into another historical and cultural form-Chu culture. Qu Yuan's poetic art and Mawangdui's historical relics have distinct Chu cultural characteristics. Since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to historical changes and development, especially after several large-scale immigrants in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Huxiang scholars have undergone important changes in population, customs, fashion, ideas and so on, thus combining and constructing a new regional cultural form, which we call Huxiang culture. Of course, the Chu culture in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties has an important influence on the Huxiang culture constructed after the Song Dynasty, and it is one of the sources of Huxiang culture, which is certain. Therefore, some people hope to link these two cultural forms in Hunan, and call it the culture of Chu Xiang.
Art:
Silk paintings of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Mawangdui are one of the sources of China's paintings, and lacquered paintings of the Western Han Dynasty can be said to be the earliest oil paintings in the world. It gave birth to Yi Yuanji, Zhang Yizun, Qi Baishi and other great artists.
Exercise:
Hunan Olympic team, in 2000, Hunan delegation won 7 of 28 gold medals in Sydney Olympic Games. Gold medal: Yang Xia: women's weightlifting 53kg Zhan Xugang: men's weightlifting 77kg Gong Zhichao: badminton women's singles: women's gymnastics balance beam Xiong Ni: diving men's 3m springboard Xiong Ni/Xiao: diving men's 3m springboard synchronized Li: gymnastics men's parallel bars.
Music:
Singing and dancing to entertain the gods is an early form of folk song and dance in Hunan, which lasted for a long time in Hunan. Through folk songs, we can get a glimpse of some ancient traditions of Chu people, such as "attaching importance to prostitution", "dragon festival", "seeing off the gods" and "singing and encouraging". For example, funeral songs, dragon boat trunks, Nuo operas, mountain hunting songs, etc., which are widely distributed in the province, all have traces of ancient sacrifice and entertainment.
Since 1993, more than 500 people have won prizes in provincial and national grand prix, with more than 300 winning works. Tujia Village in Spring, Song of Cradle, Holding the Hand of Chinese Mother, We Are Human, Sun Rain, Dance Music, Ballad Walking on Water, Coming with Southern Yan, Towards the Brilliance of Tomorrow, Song of Sino-French Group, Mountains and Rivers in Wan Li, Missing Wulingyuan, etc.
In the research of music theory, a large number of outstanding theoretical achievements and outstanding theoretical talents have emerged in recent years. He has published more than 200 academic papers on music and more than 60 works on music theory in public journals at or above the provincial level.
Song Zu Ying, Li Guyi, Chen Sisi, Tang Can
Drama:
Xiang opera is one of the local operas in Hunan. People generally call it "big drama team", "Changsha team" and "Xiangtan team". The name "xiang opera" was first seen in the preface of the first episode of "Examination of xiang opera" published in Changsha on 1920. It is also called xiang opera in Changsha because it is sung with "Zhongzhou Rhyme, Changsha Mandarin". Xiang opera includes Qi Opera, Michael Chen Opera, Hengyang xiang opera Opera, Wuling Opera, Jing Hexi Opera, Baling Opera, Xiang Kun Opera, Changsha Ancient Painting Opera and Shaoyang Ancient Painting Opera.
Changsha Flower Drum Opera, in which "Playing Gong", "Mixing Pots", "Baking House Incense", "Double Food Delivery", "Luo Sizu Buying Cattle", "Cattle Riding in a Sedan", "Eight Officials" and "Crying" are deeply loved by the audience. 1983 Liu Hai Chopping Wood, a play rehearsed by Hunan Ancient Painting Opera House, was invited by China Artists Association to perform in New York and Washington, DC. Overseas Chinese Daily, Chinese Express, The New York Times etc. Publish articles and comments in the United States to congratulate the success of the performance. Changsha Ancient Painting Troupe's performance "Liu Hai Chops Wood" was also invited to perform in Japan, which is very famous in Japan.
Dance:
As an important part of Huxiang culture, Hunan dance art has a long history of development and unique artistic style. According to incomplete statistics, there are nearly 400 kinds of dances and thousands of dance programs in Hunan. Hunan dance art has a long history. The flower of Hunan folk dance art germinated and grew in the artistic soil of Chu culture and Hunan indigenous culture. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, famous court dances in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, such as green waist dance, white ugly dance and branch-breaking dance, have also spread to Hunan. Li Qunyu of the Tang Dynasty once saw the dances of southern beauties in Changsha. He wrote a poem "Changsha No.9 went to the East Building to watch the dance", describing the scene at that time. These exotic songs and dances are combined with local Chu dances and folk songs and dances, creating the unique charm of Hunan folk song and dance art with rich colors and unique customs. Since ancient times, many ethnic minorities, such as Miao, Tujia, Dong, Yao, Zhuang, Hui and Wa, have lived in Huxiang. Their unique national habits, lifestyles and cultural traditions constitute their different dance arts. Miao dance includes Xiang dance, Solitaire dance, Shield dance, Pioneer dance, Tea tray dance, Nuo dance, Duguan dance, Encouragement dance and Lusheng dance. Tujia dances include swing dance, Maogusi, Bell of Babel, fighting encouragement, horse-racing dance, flag-making dance, group chicken dance, plum field dance, eight-Luo skirt, mourning jumping and so on. Dong people's dances mainly include Lusheng Dance, Duoye and Dong Dong Leg. Yao's dances mainly include umbrella dance, knife dance, shield dance, croissant drum, dragon and various sacrificial dances.
Literature:
The emergence and development of Hunan literature has roughly experienced four periods. The first period, from Southern Chu in the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago to the Ming Dynasty, was the period of ancient Xiang-Chu literature. The literary representatives in this period are Qu Yuan, Yin Keng, Li Qunyu, Hu Ceng, Zhou Dunyi, Wang Yining, Le Leifa, Feng Zizhen, Ouyang Xuan and Li Dongyang. The second period, from the Qing Dynasty to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, is the period of Huxiang's statecraft literature, and its literary representatives are Wang Fuzhi, Wei Yuan, Zeng Guofan, He, Guo Songtao, Deng Fulun,. The third period, from the Sino-Japanese War to the Revolution of 1911, is the period of bourgeois literature. His literary representatives are Tan Sitong, Chen Tianhua, Ning Diaoyuan and Yi Shunding. The fourth period, from the spread of Marxism in China around the May 4th Movement to the new period of socialist construction, is the period of new democratic literature and socialist literature. His literary representatives are Ou Yangyuqian, Tian Han, Ding Ling, Shen Congwen, Zhang Tianyi, Zhou Yang, Zhou Libo, Kang Zhuo, Mo Yingfeng, Gu Hua, Tan Tan and Sun Jianzhong.
With deep affection for the motherland and the people, Qu Yuan wrote many poems describing Hunan's landscapes, customs, folk sacrifices, myths and legends, which showed the life and feelings of the ancient people of Hunan and Chu. It not only created the literary schools of Southern Chu Ci and Li Sao, which are different from the Book of Songs, but also laid the cornerstone of Hunan literature.
At that time, famous poets such as Li Bai, Meng Haoran, Wang Changling, Du Fu, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Li Shangyin all lived in Hunan, leaving many immortal works. Du Fu, the great poet, died on a lonely boat in Xiangjiang River. Famous Hunan literary figures in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties include Zhou Dunyi, Wang Yining, Le Leifa, Feng Zizhen, Ouyang Xuan and Li Dongyang.
Advocated by Wang Fuzhi, a rural sage, "what you see is the limit of iron gate", Hunan literati first gained popularity, and then, with the promotion of Tao Shu, He Changling, Wei Yuan and others, they formed a literary group of Huxiang Confucian classics represented by Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zuo. They regard achievements as their own and practice as their priority, while writing poems and essays advocates intervening in life. It was also during this period that Huxiang culture became mature and prosperous. In terms of prose, the Tongcheng School in ancient Hunan, headed by Zeng Guofan, emerged, and famous writers such as Wu and Deng Fulun emerged. They live in Tongcheng instead of sticking to Tongcheng's righteousness and law, and clearly put forward that "the study of classics" should be included in the literary category. They believe that the article should not only pay attention to righteousness, textual research and lyricism, but also try to correct emptiness and apply it to the world. In poetry, famous artists such as He, Ji Shao and Wang Kaiyun appeared. They are all popular * * * *, with romantic literary talent, and at that time they were in their prime, and they brought out the best in Sanxiang Tianyu, which made the wonderful landscape of China poetry at that time.
The period of bourgeois literature is from the Sino-Japanese War to the Revolution of 1911. Chen Tianhua, a great writer of the revolutionary party, skillfully used popular rap forms and simple vernacular to write works such as Looking Back and Jing Shi Zhong, which made public opinion preparations for the Revolution and Uprising of 1911.
Cultural relics:
Changsha kiln began in the middle Tang Dynasty, flourished in the late Tang Dynasty and declined in the Five Dynasties. In the late Tang Dynasty, the products of Changsha Kiln were exported to North Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and West Asia, which was one of the important foreign trade ceramic products in China at that time.
The more important ones are the stirrup of the Western Han Dynasty, the humanoid chandelier of Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Ma Yin iron basin of the Five Dynasties, the bronze mirror of Ma Xiguang and Ma Xifan, the bronze ruler of the Song Dynasty, the blue-and-white jade spring bottle of the Yuan Dynasty, the fish dish, and the iron cannon of the early Qing Dynasty.
Hunan is one of the provinces with the largest number of bronzes found in the late Shang Dynasty, with a total of about 300 pieces. Among them, four sheep statues in Ningxiang County, Fang Ding in Huangcai Zhaizi Mountain, elephant statues in Liling Lion Mountain, cow statues in Baojiataizi in Hengyang City, pig statues in Jiuhua Jinguo in Xiangtan County, and animal faces in Huarong, Yueyang and Changning. These bronzes are famous for their tall and heavy figure, elegant and graceful patterns, magnificent shapes and excellent casting, and occupy a high position in the bronze cultural treasure house of China.
Mawangdui Western Han Tomb, Mawangdui Han Tomb is located in Wulipai, the eastern suburb of Changsha City, Hunan Province. It is a saddle mound with a height of10m and a diameter of about 30m. Originally thought to be the tomb of Ma Yin, the king of Chu in the Five Dynasties, three tombs of the Western Han Dynasty were unearthed from 1972- 1974. According to textual research, this is the graveyard of princes' families in the early Western Han Dynasty. Its tomb structure is very grand and complicated, among which the coffins and funerary wares of Tomb No.1 and Tomb No.3 are well preserved.
The excavation of Mawangdui Han Tomb is of great value to China's historical and scientific research, and its unearthed cultural relics are extremely precious. For example, the silk book "Fifty-two Diseases Prescription" unearthed from Tomb No.3 may be earlier than Huangdi Neijing (written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period), which records 52 diseases, mentions the names of more than 100 diseases, and has more than 280 prescriptions and more than 240 drugs. This is the earliest prescription that can be seen in China now. The discovery of Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases supplements the medical contents of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region before Neijing, which is a very precious medical heritage.
The excavation of the Neolithic site in Chengtoushan, Lixian County, the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Changsha, and the bamboo slips of Sun Wu in Zoumalou, Changsha were rated as the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China by 1992, 1993 and 1996 respectively.
Changsha university of science and technology chengnan college mi zong Hu zhe Xiang culture suyuan association
Changsha university of science and technology chengnan college mi zong Hu zhe Xiang culture suyuan association