1. 1 simple materialistic viewpoint and patriotism Gu's world outlook is simple materialistic world outlook. He thinks: "Those who gain the benefits of heaven and earth are also gods, and those who are angry with heaven and earth are also popular" [1]; It is also said: "The metaphysical refers to the Tao, the metaphysical refers to the device, and the non-device refers to nothing. ..... Although the nature of Confucius is vertical, there are many images that I don't want. "[2] ... Just like this, Gu put forward the patriotic proposition of" protecting the world, being humble and responsible "[3], and he thought:" It is our duty to save the people and make peace for the world "[4]. Mr. Wang believes that we should attach importance to the "things" in nature and study the objective social relations in society (although Mr. Wang simply regards it as the ethical relationship between people), and advocates understanding in action to solve the "urgent affairs", "prospering the world" and Gu's viewpoint of "applying the world". His seeking truth from facts and patriotism have a great influence on the education of later generations.
1.2 Positive Criticism of Neo-Confucianism From the Song and Ming Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism, as an orthodox educational thought, has always ruled people's thoughts and behaviors. Gu lived in a period of social unrest in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Through in-depth observation and investigation, he criticized strongly and thoroughly the uselessness of Neo-Confucianism earlier. He pointed out: "Today's so-called Neo-Confucianism and Zen Buddhism do not take the Five Classics, but take the quotations from the capital", and "abandoning the quotations from saints and engaging in post-Confucianism is called ignorance" [5]; And criticized this kind of neo-Confucianism education, he pointed out: "Today, gentlemen are not here, but there are hundreds of people who gather guests." "And they all talk with their hearts, learn more, and seek the same side, regardless of the poverty of the four seas, but talk about' dangerous essence' all day." "Often they speak with their hearts, but they don't understand." [6] He believes that "the world" is the "world" of "ordinary people", and the key to social chaos is people's hearts and customs [7]. Regarding "positive customs", Gu advocated the moral education of "being ashamed of oneself" [8].
1.3 Gu's moral education viewpoint of "being ashamed of oneself" holds that "the root of the state's chaos control lies in the fundamental measures to give birth to the people" [9] is to "be ashamed of oneself" with everyone first. He pointed out: "If you don't build a clean house, you will take everything. If you are not ashamed, you will do everything.". If people are like this, there will be trouble, and the world will be in chaos. Is there an immortal country? " [10] and "what you have done is shameful" should be "not ashamed of eating dirty clothes and bad rice, but ashamed of ordinary people not being treated by them" [11]; As the basis of a person's life, it should be formed in people's daily life and action practice, that is, "from a son, a minister, a brother and a friend to going in and out, going out, being spoken and taking it" [12]. He believes that "if the court has enlightenment, then scholars have shame;" Scholars have shame, then there are customs in the world "[13].
Therefore, when the Qing Dynasty opened a well-read ci department and a museum of Ming history, Gu resolutely refused to be an official. He said, "Everyone can go out, and Yan Wu must go out" [14]; For his disciples, he warned "Don't climb the gate of power and don't take advantage of the road" [15].
1.4 what is the concept of "learning more and knowing more" [18]? Gu believes that learning lies in "being knowledgeable in literature" [17], "being good at learning from the ancients" [18] and "trying things rationally" [19].
"erudite in literature" means "learning for yourself, even for the country" [20] (a book to learn with friends). It is necessary to read "The Classics of Sages, the Notes of the Former Confucianists, the History of the Previous Generation" [2 1], "Learning and seeking truth from facts, due to astronomical geography, military agriculture, water and soil, and the laws and regulations of the previous generation." "Seeking the ancients" should be "learning and betting, asking and thinking close" [24], "It is better to be interrogated by learning and recorded by the ancients to discover right and wrong" [25]. Gu also believes that learning "depends on reasoning and testing things" and "learning to achieve it" [26]. If people "study alone and have no friends, they are humble and difficult to succeed ... if they don't go out to study, they are people facing the wall and ... will never help the world" [27].
Therefore, Mr. Yanwu can "walk for half a day" and "read all the books in the world and make textual research one by one" [28]; Wherever you go, you must find someone to "ask about its twists and turns", and you must "test its mountains and rivers, customs and sufferings as if you know everything" [29] and "choose the one that suits today" [30]. The Record of the Day is Mr. Yanwu's lifelong ambition, seeking advice from teachers and friends, attaching importance to field research, and writing it in the form of notes. Its content covers Confucian classics, politics, historical geography, literature and art, military affairs, astronomical phenomena, and martial arts. Its rigorous textual research and outstanding opinions have a far-reaching impact on future generations.
1.5 Practical Learning claims that Gu, as one of the famous enlighteners of democratic thoughts in Ming and Qing Dynasties, hates "rootless people" [on "empty learning". He believes that education should improve human nature, improve society, enhance human nature, change politics and promote the prosperity of the world, that is, education can "apply the world". In the book "The Story of Sick Jimen", he said: "Today, it is our duty to save the people and make peace for generations to come. Benevolence thinks it is its duty, just after death. " He pointed out: "A gentleman should learn from Ming Dow and help the world" [3 1], "Anyone who does not care about the purpose of the Six Classics and rules the world will do nothing" [32].
1.6 unique viewpoint of advocating innovation Mr. Yanwu believes that no matter "learning" or "prospering the world", we should be brave in pioneering and innovating. In view of the education under the imperial examination system at that time, he thought that "the harm of stereotyped writing was greater than burning books;" And corrupt talents, even more than those trapped in the suburbs of Xianyang "[33], if" waste the life of the world and use the materials of the world "[34]; He pointed out: "There are talented people in the world every day, and they are infinite ... everyone in the world should recommend them regardless of whether they are students" [35].
As far as "learning" is concerned, Mr. Yanwu thinks: "There are endless reasons to cover the world, and a gentleman's ambition lies in the Tao ... His past gains are not shameful, and his achievements the next day cannot be confined to himself" [36] ("Introduction to Japanese Knowledge Records in the First Moment"); He pointed out: "The article has no definite frame" [37], "The disease of your poem lies in Du, and the disease lies in Huan Han and Europe. If you have this road in your heart, you will never get rid of the word "pull over" and you will never reach the peak [38]. Mr. Guan's academic achievements in his life not only created the ancient phonology, but more importantly, he created a new trend of "simple learning" in Qing Dynasty with his academic behavior and spirit.