1，Qubi
Since we have human relations, we have a home country. After the relationship between filial piety, educating children, serving kings, ministers and relatives and friends is formed, there is a difference in grades. Therefore, "the son is taboo for the father, and the straight path is in it", which is the thought of the Analects; There is a difference between inside and outside, and it is the great meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals to suppress evil and promote good. From then on, everything went on as usual. Officials who record history have many argots about things involving kings and fathers. Although they are not straightforward enough, they maintain famous religions. People who tamper with words and cover up mistakes, such as He, attack and insult each other, while Pei and Shen Xiuwen apologize to each other. It's entirely up to you to write or delete, and it's arbitrary to record history with a pen. This is the author's ugly behavior, which makes people hate it. Some resort to deceit and record things that do not exist; some praise others for personal gain; Some slander others to express personal grievances. For example, Wang Shen wrote that Wei Lu belittled the imperial edict of true wisdom, Lu Ji wrote the history of gold, boasted the momentum of opposing Zhuge Liang, Ban Gu collected money and began to write history books, and Chen Shou lent rice to write biographies. In addition, there are recorded traitors and murderers, even if they are displayed in the market, it is not an exaggeration to throw them to wolves, tigers and leopards.
However, history is not written directly. It was written with a curved pen. If this is exposed, don't believe what is written in the book now. If there is a Qubi that the sages didn't discover before and later people don't know, expand your knowledge now and attract people's attention. It is said in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty that Liu Xuan, the first emperor of China, was very weak. He just acceded to the throne, facing the South Station, and appeared in front of the ministers. Sweating with shame, he rubbed his hands on the table and dared not look up. When he was still very humble, he could make friends with assassins for revenge, take refuge in the greenwood and become famous as a hero. How did you end up in this situation after you became king? It must be that the author's songs and pens cater to the times (forces) and set off the reputation of Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu. Flatter the king with flattering words and avenge Liu Xiu's younger brother Liu Bosheng (killed by Liu Xuan). Moreover, the history of Guangxu Zhongxing period belonged to Dongguan (the historical museum at that time), some were decided by Emperor Han Ming, and some were revised by Ma Huanghou. Later, with the reunification of the country continuing and the books unchanged, fake historians were circulated in the air under other people's names (referring to the revision of history by Emperor Han Ming in other people's names). Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Liu Hou said: "There is no historian in Shu, so there is no ambition for good luck." But he also said that Cassia had yellow breath, birds fell into the river, jing xing appeared in Chengdu, and Yizhou had no prime minister's breath. If there are no historians in Shu, how can these things be known? Probably because Chen Shou's father was humiliated and punished in Shu and was slandered.
In ancient times, the princes fought for hegemony, and the outcome was uncertain, but others' strengths must be praised, and their own shortcomings should not be concealed. Recently, I have never heard any extremely fair remarks, saying that my country is good and that other people's homes are not good. Wei Shou (the author of Shu Wei) boasts a lot, because Yuanshi County (Northern Wei Dynasty) originated in a remote area of China and was bullied by various ministries in China.
The comparison between Sanggan area and Zhou and Han dynasties: rejecting and belittling the Central Plains, he compared his barbarian land to Jianye (now Nanjing, then the capital of the Southern Dynasties). As two hostile countries, it is acceptable to vilify each other's enemies in the election campaign, but if it goes down in history, it is not easy to write casually. If you don't understand this, how can you talk about history? The music in history books is fake, but one tenth of them talk too much about the author's sins. Wei Shou's mixed fables account for almost half of the history books, which have been rarely seen since Cang Xie, and Li Baiyao's Shu Qi is a true record. Why? Probably because Li Baiyao's father (Li, also a historian) didn't write a place, Wei Shou (word) took the name of Gongfu (word Gongfu Li), which was similar to Gu Yong (word sigh) (Cai Yong, a teacher in Gu Yong, appreciated him very much and gave him a name, so his teacher and pupil had the same name). But it must be said that Lu understands etiquette (from the Analects of Confucius), I don't believe it. As the saying goes, "Give the enemy the name of a thief and you can conquer them." For example, Wang Shao's steadfastness can be compared with that of the ancients. Shu Wei's comments were so extreme that people said it was dishonest. Without explaining his mistakes, he easily lashed out at him. This is the so-called unknown teacher, and it is not easy to win. Exploring the origin of this view is probably because Wang Shao (Zi Junmao) did not write history with a curved pen and was outspoken, so he was convicted. Someone borrowed the hand of a historian to retaliate against personal grievances. Otherwise, why do they hate integrity and their master so strongly?
When frost and snow fall, you will see the wind of pine trees; Only when the country is in chaos can the loyalty of loyal ministers be reflected. For example, Dong Chenghe at the end of Han Dynasty, Zhuge Ke and Wu at the beginning of Jin Dynasty, Liu Bing and Yuan charm at the beginning of Qi Dynasty, and Wei Jiong at the weekend were all ruined. Moreover, the history books of past dynasties have called them rebellious ministers. How can we motivate famous teachers to convince courtiers? Ancient books and historical records make thieves and ministers afraid; Now historical records make loyal ministers and benevolent people feel ashamed and angry. If Nan He Dong (both historians in the Spring and Autumn Period and Dong Hu are famous for their outspoken views) are endowed with spirit, they will also feel angry in their graves.
After Liang and Chen, before Sui and Zhou, those history books were written by historians during the Zhenguan period. Modern events are easy to textual research, and true and false can be distinguished. Those court officials, their parents and ancestors all had biographies and investigated historical facts, which were fabricated by later generations. If you ask mortals and old people, things are different from what their descendants say, and most of them are not true. If the people in the former Qin dynasty did not die, it can be verified that Fu Sheng (the former Qin emperor) was slandered; If the old man in Shu is still alive, he will know that Zhuge Liang has been distorted. This is something that should be regretted since ancient times, not just now!
The function of history books is to record merits and demerits, suppress evils and promote goodness. A gain and loss, a thousand years of honor and disgrace. If you violate this principle, how can you be called a historian? But since ancient times, I have never heard of being killed for straight pen, nor have I heard of being convicted for bending pen. Therefore, there are many conjectures in The Book of Songs written by Yin Hou (posthumous title), which Emperor Xiaowu knew but did not condemn. Wei Shou's History of Wei is also inaccurate, and the Emperor Xuandi of Qi did not condemn him. Therefore, it is not difficult for Mitchell to rely on his own likes and dislikes, his own conscience, fear of power, have a clear conscience and pursue a real record. Ah! This is also what kings should reform.
Step 2 identify
People's discrimination is mixed, and the sky is sunny and dark, so slander and praise are different, and love and hate are also different. The Three Kings (Yao Shunyu) were slandered, and it was not until Lu Lian (a native of Qi during the Warring States Period) that they were clarified; The name of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period was degraded by Confucius. What has happened will not change, but people have different judgments. If we want to pursue neutrality and consistency, it will not happen once in a thousand years! What's more, the records in the history books are vast and vast. If a scholar can't explore profound truth, search hidden deeds and infer far-reaching things, how can he distinguish between interests and know who is good and who is evil?
Li Lan's Zuo Zhuan is the best biography, but after the Han and Wei Dynasties, it was not selected as a study material. Confucianism was unwilling to study it, but recommended two biographies (the biography of Ram and the biography of Gu Liang). Because Zuo Qiuming was a historian of Lu, and he was taught by Confucius, he lived in an era in terms of age and talent. The authors of these two biographies are both disciples of Confucius and masters of powerful people. Their talents and expertise are very different, and their ages are different. How can they rely on legends and compare them to personal experiences? In addition, Erzhuan's truthfulness and eccentricity and vulgar language are not the same as Zuozhuan.
Therefore, we know that Plaster and Moshou are the works of any pedant; Selling cakes (compared with the author of "Biography of Ram") and Taiguan (compared with the author of "Biography of Zuo") are good examples for truly wise people. Later, Historical Records and Hanshu came out one after another, inheriting the achievements of predecessors. Wang Chong wrote a book praising Ban Gu and belittling Sima Qian. Zhang Fu's opinion is to belittle Ban Gu and praise Sima Qian. However, although these two books (Historical Records and Hanshu) have their own advantages and disadvantages, their writing styles are roughly the same and can be classified into one category. Zhang Yan said: After Sima Qian's death, he lost Biography of Turtle and Biography of Japanese. Chu made up the vacancy, and his words were vulgar, which was not Sima Qian's original intention. According to Biography of Five Emperors and Biography of Seventy written by Sima Qian, Yu Shun came out of the dark cave when he saw that the room was small and crude. After Confucius died, his disciples worshipped him as if he were alive. Such a low-level language is more serious than Chu Sunshao. How can you just blame Chu Sunshao and praise Sima Qian? Liu Guisi attached great importance to Ban Gu's talent when he inspected Hanshu. He just sneered that he didn't include Emperor Han Shaodi in this chronicle, but wrote Gao Hou into this chronicle. Lv Hong is not surnamed Liu, but grew up in the Han Palace. At that time, there was no owner in the world, and Lv Hou called the system, so Ban Gu borrowed her years to write a chronicle. And Lv Zhi's own stories are written into the biographies of consorts. Just like when Zhou Chengwang was a child, the history books recorded the year of Duke Zhou's regency; Zhou Liwang was exiled, and the history books still bear the symbol of the Republic. And the duke of Zhou, Zhao Gong, in the family. It is very appropriate for Ban Gu to follow this law. Although Ban Gu is really smart, he is laughed at by stupid people (such as Liu Guisi).
Liu Xiang's Preface to the Book of Songs and National History commented on the History of Jin written by various schools. He said: "The Zhongxing written by Fa Sheng is absurd and lacks solemnity. Wang Yin, Guangxu and others can only use gorgeous words. " Narrating historical events should be objective, not gorgeous, reflect facts rather than common sayings, be straightforward in writing, and recognize facts, that's all. If we must achieve Kong Rong's Excellence, Liu's elegant, subtle and gorgeous frame are all embroidered words and exaggerated descriptions. Can we set a real record again? In order to belittle the author, we know that Liu Xiang is arrogantly expressing his opposition.
People rise and fall because of opportunities. People are rich and poor because of fate. Writing of books
Also used. The ancient prose of Shangshu is the highest among the six classics, while Chunqiu Zuoshi is the best among the three biographies. From the Qin Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, these two books disappeared in the world for more than 500 years and have never been handed down. Later, Hu Mei gave books and history books, and Tu Yu took notes, which was praised for a while and left a lasting name. Laozi's Tao Te Ching was written in the Zhou Dynasty, and Zhuangzi's was written in the Chu State. It was only when Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing met that it began to spread, and Ji Kang and Ruan Ji began to receive attention. Like this, it is impossible to list them one by one! Therefore, "people thrive because of opportunities and decline because of opportunities." People are rich and poor because of fate. "If you catch up with people who didn't have expertise and a bosom friend at that time, just like Lun Heng (written by Wang Chong) didn't meet Cai Yong (word Boyi) and Tai Xuan (written by Yang Xiong) didn't meet Zhang Heng (word), it will be extinguished like fireworks and submerged like rain and mud. How can we remain immortal and famous for future generations?
3. Product algae
It is said that birds of a feather flock together, birds of a feather flock together, herbs and smelly grass are put in different containers, and the evil owl and husband and wife are gone. For example, Shang Chen, Mao Dun, Naman and Bei Di, except Wan Li; Yi Yin and Huo Guang, one in Shang Dynasty and the other in Han Dynasty, were separated by thousands of years. When the world talks about rebellion, it must mention Shang Chen and modu chanyu; When it comes to loyalty, we should mention Yi Yin and Huo Guang. Why? Because their deeds are similar, although separated by time and space. Why do we have to connect time and space to become the same kind?
Since Sima Qian and Ban Gu, history books began to follow one after another. But what is rare is that some of them pursue the same style of writing because of the changes of time and some because there are not many characters. So the biographies of Han Fei and Lao Tzu are written in one volume; Dong Zhuo and Yuan Shao did not write separately. Are Han Fei and Lao Zi respected sages, and books are regarded as "sons" (Han Fei Zi and Lao Zi)? Both Yuan Shao and Dong Zhuo are heroes, born in the late Han Dynasty. On the other hand, it can be roughly divided into one category. There are still a large group of people (written in biographies) who should be classified separately, but (historians) can't judge their categories and distinguish their good from bad, which leads to the mutual doping of bluegrass and wormwood, and there is no distinction between red and purple. Whose fault is this? This should be the responsibility of historians.
According to Ban Gu's Ancient and Modern Figures, the ancient philosophers are divided into three families and nine categories. His words are wonderful and precise. As for what is listed in this article, he described it! For example, Confucius was famous and Yan Hui called him a saint. As for the others, it is not easy to distinguish. Now I haven't heard of the idea of listing Boniu first, then listing Zeng Shen, then listing Zhonggong first and then listing You Ran, and pursuing compromise. The king of Chu passed by Deng Guo, and Deng Hou's three nephews demanded to kill the king of Chu, but Deng Hou did not agree, and Deng Guo was finally destroyed. Now Deng Hou is above the next fool, and would rather let others betray him, because he was unlucky to do good, so how can he persuade others to do good? If it is said that a little intolerance leads to great mischief, Deng Hou is classified as the third class because of his missteps. Then his three nephews played it by ear and made a decision before the king of Chu set out. They should be above and above, and put them in the first category. Why can they only be ranked next to Deng Hou and in the middle of the nine categories? Ban Gu also listed the courtiers of King Wen of Jin, the overseas Chinese in the boat were in the first place, the father in the sun was in the back, and the scholar was in the last place. Also listed are the guests of Prince Taizi Dan of Yan State, with Gao Jianli in the front, Jing Ke in the back and Qin Wuyang in the back. These are all confusing right and wrong, regardless of good and evil. Some people think that rubble is precious and Baoyu is low, and some people think that they have driven a stupid horse and given up a good pony. Taking this as a mirror, who can you fool?
Jiang Chong and Fu grovelled, confusing the emperor, harming the prince and poisoning loyal subjects. Commenting on their evil is much more serious than Shixian. Ban Gu wrote about them, but they were not listed as lucky or anything like that. Yang Wangsun was buried naked. Contrary to the usual ceremony, he was a fanatic. There is nothing else worth writing when evaluating his life, but he and Zhu Yun are listed together and written at the beginning of this book. Isn't it dirty?
If you look at other records, other miscellaneous biographies and so on, there are many fallacies. According to "Biography of Liu Xiang Lienv", from beginning to end, the wife of the Lu people was not commendable at all, but hated her husband and threw herself into the river. Her suicide is like ancient times, and her martyrdom is different from that of Cao E. She is a dangerous and stubborn person and a tough woman, but it is unreasonable to associate with a virtuous person.
Ji Kang's Biography of Gao Shi is recorded by many people, but Yan Hui and Qu Boyu didn't write it. Although they like avenues, don't like splendor, and are content with poverty and ambition, it is vulgar to leave them in the stream of Confucianism. Just like Dong Zhongshu and Yang Ziyun, they also studied the Four Books, familiarized themselves with the Six Classics and followed the teachings of Confucius. What is the difference between Lu's Confucian style and theirs? It should be included. Yan Hui and Qu Boyu can be abandoned, while Yang Xiong and Dong Zhongshu are valued. Ban Gu can only recognize twenty-five, but not ten. In modern times, historians often write and analyze their mistakes. For example, Yang Zan played ball in the border town, died for his country and died at the hands of the enemy. In the Song Dynasty, it was also Liu (? ), a (born) student? Shen Yue didn't flaunt praise, but wrote his "Rousseau" in the article. Monk Ji really practices self-discipline and encourages himself, and there has been no fault. But Xiao Zixian wrote him and the little people together and included him in the article Enxing. Wang Qian's articles are not good enough, but his martial arts are more outstanding. He personally visited the buffer zone of his consorts and first launched a rebellion. If people who write the history of Sui Dynasty can't juxtapose him with lean men, they should also attach him to Yang Liangchuan, and write him with poets and associate with Jishi Shu. Is this establishment appropriate?
Confucius said: "Judging people by their appearances will miss people like Yu Zi;" If you judge people by their words, you will miss the slaughter of such people. "Guangwudi was mistaken by Pang Meng and Cao Cao was deceived by Zhang Miao. In history books, only good and evil can be seen clearly. If you don't use Xu Shao and Guo's appraisal, what about Pei Songzhi and Wang? Wonderful metaphor, and the author wrote the deeds of the characters in the book, and could not distinguish good from evil. Whose fault is this? This is the responsibility of historians.
Being able to classify and rank, so that villains and gentlemen can get their places, and the arithmetic of wisdom and moderation can be described separately, then punishing evil and promoting good will always serve as a warning and example for the future and will be immortal.
4. Straight pen
People follow the Five Principles (the Five Principles of Behavior: Father's Righteousness, Mother's Kindness, Brother's Friendship, Brother's Respect and Son's Filial Piety). Scholars have various behaviors, some are evil, some are positive, some are melodious and some are straight. Those evil and crooked people are despised by people because it is the practice of villains; Those honest people are respected and think that this is a gentleman's practice. But most people in the world tend to be evil and give up integrity, do not practice the practice of gentlemen, and follow the behavior of villains. Why? As the saying goes: "integrity is like a bowstring, which often dies by the side of the road;" Evil songs are like iron hooks, but they will increase the level and rank. "Therefore, people would rather obey (power) to protect themselves than disobey (power) to prevent harm. What's more, the task of history books is to persuade the world and establish an atmosphere. If you meet a traitor and treacherous monarch, if you write down their deeds directly without covering up their mistakes, once their evil deeds are recorded, their notoriety will spread for thousands of years. That said, wouldn't it be terrible!
Do it if the environment permits (write down the history), and it will be dangerous if the environment does not allow it. For example, Dong Hu (a historian of the Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period) wrote history without a hidden pen. In order to be humiliated by the law, Dong Hu made no mistakes, but he still acted decisively, and then made his reputation of integrity, which will spread from ancient times to modern times. For example, the History of the State of Qi records that Cui Yao killed the king.
Sima Qian wrote about the faults of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he was doing official history, and he wrote about the history that violated Wei's taboo. Some of them were punished and laughed at by Ren at that time. Some written books are buried and cannot be seen by future generations. The world is like this, but it is really hard to blame Mitchell for not keeping his strong character and unyielding integrity. As a result, zhangyan became angry from embarrassment and kept "Hey Ji" in private; Sun Sheng was depressed, so he secretly wrote Autumn in Jinyang and sent it to Liaodong to preserve its authenticity. In order to avoid disaster, fortunately, I can save myself. We know enough about the hardships of this world, and we also know that records are valuable.
However, if we look at the past historical events one by one, we can prove them with straightforward words. Although the dross of the ancients is mixed with truth and falsehood, we can sometimes gain something from panning for gold. According to the calendar of Venus (five elements, astronomical terms, maybe a certain period), there are many historians. When the Jin emperors Xuan Di (Sima Yi) and Jin Jingdi (Sima Shi) began to inherit the Jin Dynasty, Cao Shi and Sima Shi had conflicts, such as being defeated by Zhuge Liang in Qu Wei (now southeast of Dali, Shaanxi Province), and another example was Cao Mao, an aristocrat who was killed by Ji Cheng in the crusade for Si Mazhao. Chen Shouhe was speechless, and Lu Jihe stopped writing. It was only when Xi Jianyi (name) arrived that Zhong Da (Sima Yi) and Ji Cheng, the dead Zhuge, took a back seat and survived, committing the crime of driving with a knife. The falsification of the past dynasties has since been clarified. Isn't it an upright person to study Jane's Tooth Notes? Then, Song's Biography of Customs and Enlightenment. They describe the events at that time and pursue the truth. According to the governors of the Northern Wei Dynasty at that time (when Song wrote "Biography of Customs"), the ancestral business was not lost; (When Wang Shao wrote Qizhi) The generals and descendants of the Northern Qi Dynasty are still there. And these two people are outspoken about their taboos without any fear. Honesty is such a person, isn't it?
Martyrs pay attention to fame, while strong men pay attention to integrity. Life is worse than death. Like heather and Dong Hu, they are upright and don't shy away from power; Zhao Wei's and Ho Choi's brushstrokes are nothing but flattery. Although there are some shortcomings in protecting themselves from being harmed, people still praise their beauty. Compared with Shu Wei in Wang Shen, the latter gained a high position and wealth through the brushwork of evil songs; Compared with Yan's family of Dong, the latter gained glory by fawning on power. On the one hand, it is brilliant; on the other hand, it is impossible to compare Zhao Wei and Ho Choi with Wang Shen and Dong Tong.