2. Six laws of human development and their educational enlightenment;
1) People's development is orderly: from birth to death, people's physical and mental development is a continuous changing process from quantitative change to qualitative change, and from low level to high level. -Education should follow the order from easy to difficult, from shallow to deep, from simple to complex, from concrete to abstract, from low to advanced, step by step, and should not be implemented in a subtle way.
2) The imbalance of human development is mainly manifested in two aspects. First, the development speed of different ages in the same aspect of body and mind is different; Second, different aspects of body and mind develop at different speeds. -education should seize the critical period in order to achieve the best development effect in the shortest time.
3) Human development is complementary: there is the possibility of complementarity between human physiological functions or between physiological functions and psychological functions. Such as hearing and vision, physical disability and determination. -Education should combine students' reality, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, give full play to students' own advantages, promote students' individualized development, and at the same time pay attention to cultivating students' self-confidence and fighting spirit.
4) People's development has stages: people of different ages show different overall characteristics and main contradictions and face different development tasks. For example, psychologists call adolescence "dangerous period or psychological weaning period". -education should be carried out in stages according to age, not across the board, and children should not be educated as adults.
5) There are individual differences in human development: it refers to the differences in development degree and speed between individuals and in different aspects of individual physical and mental development. -Education should teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and teachers should have a deep understanding of students, so that each student can get the best development according to their different interests, hobbies, specialties and different levels of development.
6) Human development is holistic: human physiological, psychological and social development are interrelated and interact with each other in the process of human development, which makes human development show obvious wholeness. Education should treat students as a complex whole, promote their all-round and harmonious development in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor, and cultivate students into complete and perfect people.
3. Three theories about factors affecting human development:
1) Endogenous theory: It is believed that human development is determined by genetic quality and human maturity mechanism.
Representative figures and opinions: (formula: Mencius resurrected and sang loudly)
Mencius: the theory of good nature is innate, "benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom are not foreign, I am inherent"; Freud believed that sexual instinct is the fundamental force to promote human development; Hall: One or two legacies are worth a ton of education; Wilson: gene replication is the essential force that determines all human behaviors; Gao Erdun: Representative of Eugenics: gesell: Twin ladder climbing experiment thinks that mature mechanism plays a decisive role in human development.
2) Externalism: People's development mainly depends on external forces, such as the stimulation and requirements of the environment, the influence of others and school education.
Representative figures and opinions: (formula: grandma looking for peanuts)
Xunzi: the theory of evil nature, "human nature is evil, and good nature is also false", and good behavior is acquired; Turn nature into falsehood, and guide people to be good with courtesy and righteousness.
Locke: It says on the whiteboard. Knowledge, ideas and principles are acquired through experience, and experience is the result of external things entering the mind through the senses.
Watson: Give me more than a dozen healthy babies, and I can train them into all kinds of people, from leaders to thieves, regardless of their ancestors' situation.
Skinner: Strengthen, punish and fade.
3) Factor interaction theory: human development is the result of interaction between internal and external factors in individual activities. Man is the active subject of practice. Without the active participation of individuals, personal development cannot be realized. Under the similar subjective and objective conditions, the degree of individual's subjective ability plays a decisive role in human development.
4. Four factors affecting human development
1) genetic quality: refers to the physiological and anatomical characteristics inherited from the previous generation. It is the physiological premise of human physical and mental development, which makes human development possible; The maturity of genetic quality restricts the development process and stage of human beings; The difference of genetic quality has certain influence on human development; Genetic quality is plastic (with the role or training of environment, education and practical activities, people's genetic quality will gradually change. )
2) Environment: refers to the sum of all external conditions that people live, depend on and influence their development. "If the dye is light, it will be light, and if it is yellow, it will be yellow." "Born numb, straight without help; White sand is in nirvana and black with it "; Environment provides realistic conditions for human development (people living in different historical periods, different regions, different nationalities, different social classes and strata are branded with history, region, national culture, social class and stratum in their thoughts, morals, talents and habits. ); On the whole, it restricts the development state of human beings (the development level of social productive forces determines the degree and scope of human development; Social relations affect the direction and nature of human development; Social ideology affects the content of individual physical and mental development. ); The role of environment in human development is different, which can be divided into passive acceptance and active choice.
3) People's subjective initiative: the reaction or dynamic effect of people's subjective consciousness and practical activities on the objective world. It is the internal motive force of human development and plays a decisive role in human development.
4) School education: it plays a leading role in people's development (the reasons, manifestations and conditions of playing a leading role).
A. There are four main reasons (third, the teacher controls it completely): 1. School education is a purposeful, planned and organized activity to cultivate people, which stipulates the development direction of people; 2. It is conducted by specially trained teachers, which is more effective than other education; 3. Effectively control and coordinate various factors affecting students' development; 4. The impact on people is more comprehensive, systematic and profound.
B. There are four leading functions: 1. According to the basic requirements of society for personal development, social norms can be formulated for the direction and aspects of personal development; 2. It has the special function of promoting individual development; 3. Basic education in particular has a direct and indirect impact on personal development; 4. It has the function of developing individual special talents and developing individual personality.
C there are three dominant conditions (one law and two contradictions): 1. Education can only promote human development if it follows the law of human physical and mental development, and it will be destroyed if it violates it; 2. Only by correctly handling the relationship between internal and external factors and fully stimulating students' subjective initiative can education produce positive results; 3. We should correctly handle the relationship between education and genetic quality, environment and other factors, give full play to the role of each factor, and maximize the educational effect.