What is education? 100 educational thinkers tell us that if every educator's thoughts are completely unified, it is impossible to cultivate students with different abilities. And each student's different talents determine that they will play different roles in this society in the future. This enables all walks of life in society to prosper and develop. And this is also the true meaning of thinkers letting a hundred flowers blossom.

-About the author-

The author of this book is English educator Joey Palmer. He is the vice-president and professor of education of drummond University in England. During his career, he spent a lot of time on education. In this book, Professor Palmer briefly lists the educational thoughts of one hundred thinkers. Today, the spark of their wisdom can still benefit us a lot.

-The golden sentences in this book-

The education before 1. 12 years should be purely negative. Not to teach students morality and truth, but to prevent his heart from being contaminated with evil and his thoughts from being absurd. -Rousseau "

2. From the standpoint of absolute cognition, the process of conscious experience is its "education" or "cultivation". -Hegel's article

The motive force of his cultural criticism is the decline of education, the increasing specialization of academics and the increasing control of the state on education and culture. -Nietzsche

4. "On the one hand, growing individuals, on the other hand, social, intellectual and moral values. Teachers have the responsibility to bring individuals inspired by them into these values. " -Piaget

All people must be educated to become human beings. Otherwise, they are not people.

6. Real education is about reading and learning to read.

-the core content-

First, the inheritance and development of liberal education.

1. General education

Traditional educational methods advocate sameness and stifle children's thinking and creativity, which is also criticized by many thinkers. Rousseau, a French thinker, believes that human nature is good, and it is the bad atmosphere of society that makes human nature worse. Therefore, he advocates that human nature can grow without restraint. The German philosopher Kant supported Rousseau's idea, and he also advocated more independent education methods.

German philosopher Nietzsche believes that students should be trained to have independent appreciation ability. Neil, a British educator, inherited the ideas of these predecessors. He formally implemented this kind of education on campus, but the effect was not satisfactory. Because he just inherited Rousseau's general direction, but ignored the educational knowledge system itself.

2. Free and autonomous learning

Piaget, a Swiss biologist, is undoubtedly a master of "liberalism" education theory. He insists on a free education model and advocates tapping students' self-awareness. But he clearly pointed out that autonomous learning is not free learning without rules, but making students change their ideas and be willing to do what they should do. This is undoubtedly a crucial conceptual leap.

Second, inspire the inheritance and development of education.

1. Stimulate specific potential

As early as 1000 years ago, the philosopher Socrates believed that every student had his own talent. The duty of teachers is not to make them uniform, but to awaken their talents and let them shoulder social responsibilities. Hegel, a later philosopher, carried forward Socrates' thought. On the basis of Hegel's thought, Marxism came into being.

In order to inspire students' wisdom, British mathematician Whitehead and American female scholar Adams chose life as the material of education. Pragmatic educators should naturally take students to experience the present. The past and the future are too abstract, but the present events are very valuable and precious learning materials.

2. Stimulate and think independently

American educator Lager undoubtedly raised the educational concept of "inspirational school" to a new height. In his view, only by developing students' independent thinking ability can we bravely face the current social changes. However, after the right-wing forces gradually mastered the right to speak, Lager's ideas were bound. However, when we look back, his thoughts still have an indelible influence on future generations.

Third, the birth and development of pragmatism

1. Practicality is truth

In the age of ignorance, simple materialism gradually formed. Aristotle, an ancient philosopher, believed that knowledge is an objective thing and can only be mastered by learning. British scholar Mill inherited Aristotle's thought, and on this basis, he also expanded it. Muller called on the state to take the initiative to shoulder the responsibility of educating the people, and everyone has the right to receive education.

2. Campus and society

Thinker Fichte believes that people need clothes and social survival, and people also need to give back to society with knowledge and skills. This is the significance of receiving education. Schwab, an American educator, is a firm supporter of this idea. He advocates the practicality of curriculum and puts the role of curriculum in society in the first place. Only practical courses have the significance of continuing research and development.

Scholar Durkheim is undoubtedly the master of this school. In his view, the campus is an embryonic society, and students are in contact with each other, which is the projection of social relations. The only difference is that teachers and administrators on campus are the highest authorities in this micro-society. Today, Durkheim's thought is still not out of date. Nowadays, people often say that "a university is a miniature city", which is undoubtedly a further extension of Durkheim's educational philosophy.

Wei gong

Narrator: Qiang

Draw a picture: Roth