-Zhu Yuanzhang
It is said that after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, did one thing when he caught the rest with the people and the heroes of the massacre, and that was to fight violence with violence. Zhu Yuanzhang believed that I was in troubled times and had to use heavy code. After the death of the military attache, Zhu Yuanzhang worked hard on greed.
The first is legislation. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (A.D. 1382), after Zhu Yuanzhang changed the Douchayuan, the Daming Law was promulgated immediately, and it was clearly stipulated that anyone who suffers from money and perverts the law shall be hanged by seventy strokes, with every five strokes increased by one level and eighty strokes hanged. It's not unfair to collect money. It will always be below 60 strokes, and every five strokes will be increased by one level. When it reaches 120 strokes and 100 strokes, it will be exiled for 3,000 miles and then 40 strokes. Officials above 620 yuan who took bribes were punished by beheading and stripping grass. In order to fight corruption and punish greed, Zhu Yuanzhang had almost no choice but to severely punish the law. In the Ming Dynasty, there were many land temples near the county and Wei (don't get me wrong, the land temple here is definitely not a blessed land of the land god). This is Zhu Yuanzhang's execution ground for peeling and executing corrupt officials. At that time, it was called Pichang Temple. If you grew up in the countryside of that era, you can often see corrupt officials peeling off their skins and overgrown with weeds and hanging them in government courts as a warning. The officials who work here are frightened. Then look at Zhu Yuanzhang's punishment. In addition to that year, there was a bare iron bed, and I was cooking soup; Have an iron brush, and use an iron broom to sweep away the flesh; If there is an owl order, hang it with a hook ridge; There is a balance beam and a tied rod, which seems to be semi-suspended; Once I took a shit, I got on the shelf, hooked into the valley and came out again; There are also skinning, skinning corrupt officials and putting them on the edge of the public seat for the generation to see and punish. In addition, there are torture such as picking tendons, chopping fingers, gouging out feet, breaking hands, torture and castration.
At the same time, in order to put an end to the financial chaos at that time, he also conscientiously summed up the experience and lessons and implemented a series of new management measures. One of the most important items is to rewrite the numbers one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, and hundred thousand in Chinese characters into one, two, three, four, and five when registering money and grain. This measure has really played an important role in plugging the loopholes in financial management, and it has also become the first in the history of China. However, with the development of society, people have gradually rewritten the words "stranger" and "money" into "white" and "money" in practice, and they have been used in financial transactions ever since.
The second is the popularization of law. In the eighteenth year of Hongwu (A.D. 1385), Zhu Yuanzhang compiled many cases of corruption, bribery and evil deeds handled by * * * into four books: Grand View, Grand View Continued, Grand View Third Edition and Chen Wu. He asked every family to have a coat, in order to pass it from one family to another, and to be bound and observed. In the year when Da Gao was published, Zhu Yuanzhang personally went to Wumen to create momentum for it and personally explained the legislative purpose of Daming Law Patent to ministers. In the folk, Zhu Yuanzhang organized a lecture conference and hired special personnel to teach and listen. At that time, more than190,000 people from all over the world came to North Korea to give lectures, and * * * launched190,000 people to engage in legal education. The scale can be said to be unprecedented.
In August of the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), Zhu Yuanzhang painstakingly published an anti-corruption textbook named "Wake Up the Corruption", which was published by * * * and distributed to officials as a red-headed document, one for each. Zhu Yuanzhang personally made a preface, in which he wrote: among the four people, the scholar is the most expensive, the people are the most bitter, and what is the most bitter? When plowing in spring, the rooster crows, which drives the cow to plow with his hand. After planting the seedlings, you have to plow, the sun is shining and your body is gaunt. When the autumn harvest is over, there will be little left. In case of flood or insect disaster, the whole family will wander around without hope. Those who are now officials ignore the sufferings of the people and even abuse them. It's heartless. This book has won awards both at home and abroad. I hope the official will know how to sympathize with my people! In his book, Zhu Yuanzhang recorded in detail the rank and salary of officials at all levels in the Ming Empire, and then converted it into average yield per mu. How many mu of land did farmers need to plant to produce? According to the algorithm in "A Brief Account of Awakening Greed", the salary of Qipin county magistrate is 7.5 stone rice per month and 90 stone per year, which requires more than 70 mu of land and five farmers specialize in production. It takes more than a thousand miles just to pick these grains of rice. Every time Zhu Yuanzhang killed a big corrupt official, he ordered the officials to go to the execution ground to watch the beheading, and even the punishments printed and distributed his crimes to various yamen and posted them widely to show education.
The third is law enforcement. Zhu Yuanzhang knows the truth that officials protect each other in officialdom. In order to achieve his goal, he spoke openly and set up a grievance drum outside the noon gate. If the people have grievances and can't get justice in the local area, they can beat gongs and drums and complain directly, and he will try it himself. To this end, Zhu Yuanzhang also broke the rule that only officials of the imperial court could attend the early court, stipulating that all officials, regardless of rank and affiliation, could participate in the early court and advocate state affairs in the temple. If they have secrets, they can apply for a separate summons.
In order to dispel people's fear of revenge, Zhu Yuanzhang allowed people to seal things, that is, write secret letters directly to him. In addition, he also widely set up inspection schools to supervise officials at all levels. Once officials are found to be corrupt and pervert the law, they can report it at any time. Even in the dead of night, Zhu Yuanzhang will receive the news. Therefore, some corrupt officials took bribes at night, and the disciplinary Committee came to the door the next morning. The speed of action is amazing. In this way, even in remote places far from the capital, corrupt officials in counties and counties dare not relax, fearing being reported day and night.
Zhu Yuanzhang knew that officials who went to the countryside often relied on the situation to deceive others and took the opportunity to exploit them. Even if the officials themselves are honest, they will increase the reception burden for the people. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang prohibited officials from going to the countryside to disturb the people without authorization. Any official who went to the countryside to disturb the people without authorization was arrested in Beijing and beheaded in the city. Zhu Yuanzhang is as evil as hatred, even if his relatives break the law, they will treat him equally and will never tolerate him. In his eyes, Daming Law is the same for all people, with no distinction between relatives and friends and no distinction between grades.
Let's look at Zhu Yuanzhang's anti-corruption trilogy.
One is to highlight a quick word when dealing with small cases.
Famous case analysis: Zhu Liangzu case.
In the 12th year of Hongwu (AD 1379), the founding general Zhu Liangzu was ordered to leave Guangdong. Zhu is a military commander, and he can't understand a basket of words. He indulged the sergeant to run amok and dominate the city, which caused widespread indignation and resentment. Originally, people like Zhu Liangzu were nobody's business, but they happened to meet a county magistrate named Daotong, who was honest and honest, a Mongolian, and even famous for his filial piety. Strictly enforce the law and severely punish bullies. After Zhu Liangzu arrived in Guangzhou, he quickly colluded with bullies and made Guangzhou a mess. There are a group of hooligans and bullies in Panyu, who are bullying. One day, Daotong stared at them and captured them in one fell swoop. He also learned from their mouths that they were leaders, and they all arrested them and showed them in the street. All the people applauded. The fish that escaped from the net found Zhu Liangzu and begged him to come forward to rescue him. Zhu Liangzu is a hooligan himself. He still knows something about Zhu Yuanzhang's character. He dare not do anything about this place. Let people call Tao Tong to the palace, set the wine and food, and politely ask Tao Tong to let people go during the dinner. With the same temper, he naturally disagreed. He recounted the sins of these people, and then said to Zhu Liangzu: My Lord, with the respect of the Marquis, when you leave the south of the town, you should comfort the people. Besides bullying the people, don't be fooled by the villains. In a word, Zhu Liangzu was speechless.
Zhu Liangzu felt humiliated when he saw that the same county magistrate did not buy his account. The next morning, Zhu Liangzu personally led the people to break the shackles and release the bully. Zhu was still in Yu Nu. After a few days, he took the opportunity of meeting the local officials to frame the bad behavior of Daotong and severely punished him. Zhu Liangzu had a concubine named Luo, and his brother wandered the streets with a group of evil slaves every day, making trouble, plundering people's fields and houses, and robbing women became a common occurrence. The people's complaint against the Roche brothers was filled with books written by the same people, and some even stopped the sedan chair and cried. Tao Tong is very cunning, knowing that Zhu Liangzu will step in as long as he does it himself, but thinking of the victims, he is determined to strike Zhu Liangzu again. After careful investigation, Daotong secretly arrested the Roche brothers, put them in the county government, and sent people to guard them. Unexpectedly, Zhu Liangzu was even more unique this time, and directly mobilized troops to rush into the county government to rob the Roche brothers. Tao Yangtian sighed. He knew that he could not defeat Zhu Liangzu by himself, but there was no way out. Instead of doing nothing, it is better to take the initiative, write the letter overnight, and secretly send someone to Beijing. Unexpectedly, Zhu Liangzu had a very clever adjutant who said: If you have the same temper, he will risk his life to get away with it. My Lord, it's best to strike first. Liang Zhu's ancestors complained to a wicked man and impeached him insolently. He immediately had the letter drafted and sent someone to Nanjing quickly. As a result, Zhu Liangzu's memorial was sent to Zhu Yuanzhang first. Zhu Yuanzhang was very surprised. He added the crime of overstepping his official position in the memorial, immediately approved the decision and sent envoys to Guangdong to carry it out. Zhu Liangzu sent someone to buy off the messenger and abandon the ship and land. He rode a 600-mile fast horse, traveling day and night, and soon arrived in Guangzhou, beheading Daotong. A few days later, Daotong's paper was also delivered, and Daotong's paper was full of blood and tears. Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly realized that he had been cheated by Zhu Liangzu, so he immediately sent someone to recover the imperial edict that killed Daotong and moved Daotong to Beijing. But it was too late. The messenger came back and said that Tao Tong was dead. Zhu Yuanzhang is not quite right. As usual, he reasoned that the previous order should be resumed. Knowing that Zhu Liangzu must be working, he sent someone to Guangdong to take Zhu Liang's grandfather and son to Beijing. On the third day of September in the 13th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1380), Zhu Liang's grandfather was taken to Nanjing. Zhu Yuanzhang's face was scowling, and Zhu Liangzu's legs were weak, so he had to kneel down, knees forward, and kept hitting the ground with his head, asking for forgiveness. Zhu Yuanzhang was furious and ordered the samurai to whip him. The samurai had already read the result from Zhu Yuanzhang's expression, so they increased the flogging. Soon, Zhu Liang's grandfather passed away.
In this matter, Zhu Yuanzhang's style of cutting the gordian knot is undoubtedly reflected.
The second is to highlight a malicious word when handling cases.
Analysis of famous cases: empty printed cases.
The case happened in the fifteenth year of Hongwu (AD 1382). The process can be expressed as follows: at that time, the court stipulated that the Ministry of Finance (equivalent to today's Ministry of Finance) should review the financial statements routinely reported by various places every year, and the requirements were very strict. If there is any discrepancy, it will be immediately invalidated and re-declared. Therefore, in order to reduce the trouble, financial personnel from all over the country who come to Beijing to report statements will be cheap, and when they go to Beijing, they will bring a batch of blank statements with local official seals, so that they can check the figures repeatedly with the household administration department and fill them in again. 308
The reason for the empty printing was that communication and transportation were underdeveloped at that time, and there were no cars, trains and planes. Therefore, it takes a month or two or even months for a distant province to go back and forth to Beijing, not to mention spending a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. If the report data is wrong or slightly flawed, it is necessary to start all over again. In the long run, the local financial departments are miserable. There are policies on the top and countermeasures on the bottom, so this kind of empty printing trick, which is beneficial to all parties, is accepted by all parties by default.
There is no windtight wall. When Zhu Yuanzhang learned of it by accident, he thought it was a shocking case of collusion and graft between officials and businessmen. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development audited local * * * statements, which was a system stipulated by the imperial court (Emperor Zhu) at that time. There is no excuse for implementing the system, and it must be implemented unconditionally. If there are difficulties and drawbacks in the implementation of the system, it must go through strict procedures and be approved before it can be modified. It is absolutely impossible to have policies and countermeasures, otherwise it will be illegal and will be punished. To this end, Zhu Yuanzhang was furious and ordered that more than 300 chief officials (top leaders) (including those who failed to supervise) in 13 provinces, 14 1 states and 1000 counties across the country be executed, regardless of good or bad.