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Solon's reform was a political reform in Athens in the 6th century BC, and it was the victory of Athenian civilians over gentry and nobles. Its main contents include: canceling all debt burdens, developing industry and commerce, dividing social classes by property instead of blood relatives, politically weakening the power of aristocratic meetings, enhancing the role of citizens' meetings, and laying the foundation for democracy in Athens.

28. One of the basic principles of western political system is also an important theoretical achievement of modern western political theory. Its basic contents include that sovereignty is supreme, non-transferable and indivisible. Sovereignty is the embodiment of the people's will, that is, sovereignty belongs to the people. Its essence lies in that the source of government power is the entrustment and authorization of the people, and the people reserve the ultimate right to terminate the entrustment and authorization.

29. In other words, a voter can cast one or more votes in the constituency where his property is located, in addition to voting in the constituency where he lives. Therefore, the number of voters voting is unequal, which has appeared in Britain and is a typical manifestation of unequal elections in the history of western countries. Repealed on 1948.

30. If the German Bundestag wants to fall, it must first identify a new candidate for prime minister, then propose and pass a motion of no confidence to the government, and then elect a new prime minister. This limits the right of the parliament to change the cabinet and is conducive to the stability of the government and the political situation.

3 1. A common form of state structure in modern times is a united state composed of several federal members who enjoy relative sovereignty. The division of power between the federal government and the federal member governments is clearly stipulated in the federal constitution, and neither party can unilaterally change the division of power. The federal government and member governments have the highest power within their respective jurisdictions, but the federal status is higher than that of member units, citizens have a unified nationality, and the federal state enjoys sovereignty in international affairs.

Fourth,

32. Interest groups in western countries mainly influence government policies in the following ways: (1) influence elections and support candidates who reflect their own interests to be elected; (2) through out-of-court activities, influence the legislative process of parliament and promote the adoption of laws that are beneficial to them; (3) affecting the formulation and implementation of government policies and the appointment of government officials; (4) influence judicial organs and public opinion.

33. The privileges and immunities enjoyed by parliamentarians in western countries mainly include: (1) speech and voting in parliament are not investigated; (2) individual rights are inviolable, and members of parliament shall not be arrested without the consent of their respective houses during the parliamentary session; (3) receive wages and allowances and receive office expenses. These privileges are conducive to ensuring that members exercise their functions and powers.

34. The United States is a federal country, and the courts are divided into federal courts and state courts. The federal court and the state court are two systems, and there is no subordinate relationship between them, but there is a division of jurisdiction. Federal courts apply the federal constitution and laws, and state courts apply the state constitution and laws. However, the federal courts can hear cases of disputes between the federal government and the states or between states or between citizens of one state and another.

35. There are two main ways to restrict the activities of political parties in western countries: one is the preventive system, in which political parties must apply in advance and obtain the approval of relevant authorities before they can legally carry out their activities; The second is the system of pursuing punishment, that is, the establishment of political parties is not restricted in advance, but the activities of political parties beyond the scope permitted by law are punished afterwards until the party is dissolved or banned. At present, western countries have abandoned the prevention system and adopted the punishment system more and more.

Five,

36. The fundamental reason for the expansion of government functions in modern western countries is that the development from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism has caused the intensification of class contradictions and the government's comprehensive intervention in social economy. The expansion of government functions in western countries is reflected in (1) the expansion and strengthening of political ruling functions, the unprecedented expansion of the scale of violent organs, the constant updating of violent means, the more complicated and ingenious means of social control, and the adoption of democratic republicanism in political rule. (2) The government's economic management function has been obviously strengthened, and the government has increased its intervention in economic affairs, directly controlling, managing and regulating the capitalist reproduction process. (3) Expand and differentiate social functions, adjust the relationship between man and nature, and develop social security system.

Six,

(1) Parliament can exercise the right to change the cabinet (or "the power to supervise the government by vetoing the motion of confidence"). The Prime Minister can submit a "motion of confidence" to the Bundestag. When the Bundestag changes its cabinet, he can ask the President to dissolve the parliament. At the request of the Prime Minister, the President can decide to dissolve Parliament and announce an early general election.

(2) A single political party often cannot form a cabinet and needs to form a political party alliance. Germany's political party alliances are divided into left-wing alliances and right-wing alliances, which take turns to govern.

(3) The Federal Senate represents the states and consists of representatives sent by the state governments, which embodies the characteristics of the German federal state structure.