First, from the KAP model to see the importance of "attitude"
Scholars all over the world have put forward many theories about the complex behavior change process. Among them, AKP model is one of the most widely used theoretical models. KAP, the abbreviation of "knowledge, attitude and practice", divides the change of human behavior into three continuous processes: acquiring knowledge, establishing attitude and forming behavior. KAP model holds that knowledge is the foundation, attitude is the driving force, and the generation and change of behavior is the goal. People acquire relevant health knowledge and skills through learning, and gradually form healthy beliefs and attitudes, thus contributing to the emergence of healthy behaviors. There is an important relationship between knowledge and behavior, but it is not entirely causal. The transformation from knowledge to behavior requires special conditions, among which "attitude" is an important factor.
"Smoking" is an example that is often used to explain the KAP model, and it is also one of the effective warm-up activities for our education and training. When the words "Smoking is harmful to health" are printed on the slide, please read aloud and then ask a series of questions: Do you smoke? Do you know anyone who smokes? Can you or someone you know read and understand the meaning of these words as accurately as you do? Have you ever tried to quit smoking? Are there more winners or losers? How can we understand the relationship between knowledge and behavior when adults with the same cognitive ability, even those with high educational background and social status, still keep smoking hobbies when they know that smoking is harmful to health? What should teenagers do if they face the same or similar problems? Direct and concise questions and ideas often make participants smile thoughtfully. Indeed, although we have mastered the knowledge that smoking is harmful to health, we must establish a positive attitude, think independently about knowledge and information, form a strong sense of responsibility, and gradually establish a clear attitude and belief in order to adopt healthy behaviors. Only when knowledge rises to attitude and belief can we dominate people's actions. When smokers take a positive attitude to quit smoking, believe that smoking is harmful to health and believe that they have the ability to quit smoking, quitting smoking may be successful.
Although we may not be sure whether the "life education" about puberty physiology, reproduction and contraception has been really taught in the middle school classroom, although we may not be sure whether the publicity materials about xing and reproductive health enthusiastically distributed by community family planning workers have really been carefully read by unmarried young people and floating population in the community, we can reach a consensus that the channels for teenagers to obtain xing knowledge and information are not limited to the mainstream channels we think. Although we are worried about the internet, newspapers, movies and peer exchanges, they have objectively become the common ways for young people to spread and learn about sex. However, when "menstruation, sperm, eggs, sexual intercourse, condoms, yuting, abortion ..." is no longer strange to many teenagers, we are still facing problems such as adolescent sexual behavior moving forward, unsafe sexual behavior, unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion, and even more regrettable tragedies caused by sexual problems. Look at the KAP model, and "attitude" will pop up. The knowledge and information transmitted through diversified channels may be the same, but the lack and deviation of establishing a good sexual attitude may become an important factor causing adolescent sexual and reproductive health problems and become a link that needs urgent attention and strengthening in adolescent sex education.
Second, a good attitude towards sex and life.
What really causes teenagers to have serious conflicts or difficulties in adapting to sex is often not what teenagers actually do, but their views and practices on sex, that is, their attitude towards sex. When "life education" has been listed as the teaching plan of primary and secondary schools through the administrative means of the education department, other government departments, social organizations, scientific research institutions and community families still have a broad and active platform for work and communication around the development of youth education, which fully shows that "development education" is different from general basic cultural education, and its real significance is not simply imparting knowledge, but helping young people to establish a good attitude and put it into healthy action. The formation of cheerful attitude is an important part of people's socialization process, which needs to be cultivated and developed in the social environment.
Generally speaking, xing's attitude includes his own views on xing, such as how to look at the changes in his body, as well as his impulses and feelings. Do you like the opposite sex or the same sex? Would you rather have xing behavior before marriage or after marriage? At the same time, Xing's attitude also includes his views on the phenomenon of "Xing" in society. For example, a heterosexual refuses xing behavior before marriage and xing behavior outside marriage. What is his attitude towards homosexuals, extramarital affairs and people who have xing behavior before marriage? …
To sum up, a good attitude towards Xing can be summarized into four principles:
1) target. Take sexual knowledge as an integral part of scientific knowledge, and actively and calmly learn relevant knowledge and information through mainstream channels (such as in-class education, popular science information, medical consultation, family and peer exchanges, etc.). Being able to recognize that others are a part of human life, we can feel and express our interests in appropriate ways at all stages of life. Understand the overall meaning of sex and accept yourself, including your gender, sexual role and sexual needs.
2) respect. Only by understanding the connotation and significance of intimate relationship can we better get along and communicate with the same sex and the opposite sex, respect others' sexual choices, and not infringe, use or force them.
3) health. Can understand the meaning of safe xing behavior, and have the consciousness of actively preventing unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS transmission.
4) Have a sense of responsibility. Understand xing and reproductive health rights, and agree that xing's behavior is based on mutual willingness, honesty, safety and happiness. Be responsible for your own feelings and actions, and be responsible for the possible results of Xing's actions.
It can be seen that a good xing attitude focuses on "objectivity, respect, health and responsibility", which involves how to treat knowledge acquisition, self-acceptance, interpersonal communication, mutual respect and responsible decision-making. In fact, these contents are also applicable to the establishment of life attitude.
Therefore, while providing scientific and accurate knowledge of Xing's health, deepening the discussion and education on Xing's attitude and having a broader and deeper understanding of Xing will help teenagers learn to look at life comprehensively, objectively and positively. Stable xing mood and good xing adaptation are helpful to delay your possible xing behavior, make your initial xing behavior more rational, and have a positive impact on dealing with marriage and family relations and even problems in work and study in the future.
Third, help young people to establish a good attitude towards promoting education.
Emphasis is placed on the xing and reproductive health rights of adolescents, including the right of adolescents to receive relevant xing and reproductive health education and services, while adults bear relevant obligations and responsibilities. It is an important content of sex education for teenagers to help them establish a good sexual concept and make a good plan for their future life.
First of all, the "attitude" of adults is crucial. Influenced by traditional culture and special social development process, many adults unconsciously hold a condescending giving attitude in front of teenagers, especially in the field of education. Re-understanding the relationship between adults and teenagers and the relationship between parents and children is the first thing adults need to think, understand and accept. Therefore, many star education projects for teenagers include teachers and parents in the training crowd to jointly build a systematic education platform of "school, community and family". It is particularly worth mentioning that adults should gradually realize that sex should not be "problematic", but should be brave in affirming and discussing with teenagers. Sex can bring intimacy and pleasure, which is an important growth experience and experience of people, and we should not only emphasize the negative results brought by sex. This attitude reflects the understanding of the comprehensive connotation of promoting education, and also conforms to the feelings of teenagers themselves in the process of growing up, which is helpful to establish effective communication with teenagers.
Secondly, carry out comprehensive life skills education. As mentioned above, the education of teenagers, whether in school or in the community, can not be simply limited to instilling physiological knowledge education and moral education. In recent years, life skills training widely recognized by the international community has been applied in the field of youth development education in China, which is worth popularizing. Life skills training includes meeting adolescence, interpersonal communication, xing behavior and decision-making, preventing sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS, preventing unwanted pregnancy and staying away from drugs. What is particularly worth mentioning is that it regards the "Future Plan" as an independent training unit, and considers Xing's health and future marriage, family, health and career development under the overall framework, helping teenagers to think forward and linking the future with their attitudes, decisions and behaviors, further strengthening and enhancing the importance of establishing a positive attitude.
Third, attach importance to teenagers' dominant position and active participation. Teenagers are the main body to establish a good outlook, so we should respect this objective main body position in educational methods and try our best to build a platform and create opportunities for teenagers' participation. Participatory methods in training courses, expanding peer education in activities, and diversified theme activities should encourage young people to plan, express, discuss and listen, and strive to make young people feel that xing-related health education is relevant to them regardless of their xing orientation, xing experience, family, religious belief and cultural background; Forming an "objective, healthy, respectful and responsible" sexual attitude will benefit them for life.