The collectivization of vocational education is the development trend of vocational education in China. Vocational education group is a complex system. How to define and make it develop healthily is an urgent problem to be solved at present. Why should enterprises join vocational education groups? What is the operating mechanism of vocational education group? What problems should be paid attention to in developing vocational education groups? The scientific answers to these questions are very important for the construction of vocational education groups.
First, the definition of vocational education group
Because the research on vocational education group in China is still in its infancy, people have not reached an agreement on the concept of "vocational education group", and different people have different views. For example, Liu Lanping defines vocational education group as "a kind of vocational education management organization, which consists of headquarters and schools." The headquarters is responsible to the board of directors of the group, and the board of supervisors plays a supervisory role in the operation and management of the company and the school. " Among them, "collectivization" is a concept of economics, and its connotation is to organically organize scattered entities with small production scale in the economic field in the form of groups to form large-scale economic operating entities, so as to improve the scale efficiency in enterprise management with scale advantages. Zhou Dazi believes that vocational education group is a joint school-running body formed by professional ties between vocational schools with the support and participation of well-known local enterprises and institutions (or groups). Ma elaborated the concept of vocational education group in more detail, and thought that vocational education group is an independent and interrelated combination of social forces such as vocational colleges and industrial enterprises, forming a horizontal connection between colleges and universities and a vertical connection in the talent training chain.
Based on various viewpoints, we can draw some common points: Vocational education group is a new measure to integrate vocational education resources, complement each other's advantages and seek win-win situation under the new situation, and it is also a new model to realize vocational education service economy, realize school-enterprise cooperation, take the road of combining Industry-University-Research and promote the development of vocational education in the direction of large-scale chain.
Second, research on the nature of vocational education groups
Third, the advantages of vocational education group analysis
Vocational education group is conducive to the transfer of resources within the group, and each member unit can share funds, teachers and training facilities; Through the contact and exchange within the group, the successful management system, management methods and experience will be radiated to member schools to improve the level and quality of teaching management; Conducive to the connection, communication and coordinated development of secondary and higher vocational education; Conducive to teaching reform and scientific research; It is conducive to promoting the combination of schools and enterprises and the development of science and technology. "
It is particularly worth mentioning that vocational education groups play a very important role in the development of enterprises. Joining the vocational education group can bring the following benefits to enterprises:
(A) Vocational education groups can promote enterprise innovation. Serve the further development of the enterprise.
Serving the society is one of the basic functions of vocational education, especially higher vocational education. Vocational education can provide knowledge contribution and talent support for society, combine practical teaching with applied research, and combine general education with professional education to cultivate technical applied talents needed by modernization. Vocational education groups can form a park environment to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and a park culture to encourage and support entrepreneurship, become a gathering place for innovation and form a platform for social service functions. Schools can cultivate and incubate scientific and technological achievements with market potential; Organize multidisciplinary joint research teams, systematically integrate scientific and technological achievements, and provide advanced and practical engineering technology for enterprises. According to the needs of enterprises in the process of technological innovation, schools can also provide enterprises with comprehensive services such as technology, information, business information, consulting, finance, training, law and management. Therefore, it is undoubtedly one of the ways to attract enterprises to participate in vocational education groups to set up educational science parks and educational industrial parks within vocational education groups.
(2) Vocational education groups can train employees for enterprises. Promote the sustainable development of enterprises
Cultivating and reserving the needed talents is an important choice for the sustainable development of enterprises. Nowadays, the management of the enterprise also begins to consider the concept of the enterprise from the perspective of employee development, so as to obtain and maintain a knowledgeable, adaptable and competitive workforce, enhance the competitiveness of the enterprise in a short time, and make the enterprise invincible in the increasingly fierce competition. Enterprises participating in vocational education groups can provide employees with opportunities for further study. Vocational education group can provide all levels of courses and full degree courses for enterprise employees according to the needs of enterprises. In the vocational education group, we can provide various and flexible training forms for enterprises and train professionals for enterprises or industries. At the same time, employees can study while working, and implement the system of alternating work and study.
(3) Teachers can take part-time jobs in enterprises to improve the level of human capital and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
The development of modern enterprises can not be separated from the intellectual and talent support provided by school education. Industry-university cooperation has also brought many benefits to enterprises: schools use the advantages of educational resources, including talents, to provide enterprises with all kinds of high-quality services, improve the technical level of enterprise personnel, solve practical problems in production, and meet the needs of production to participate in international competition; Teachers working part-time in enterprises can bring advanced technology and management concepts to enterprises, thus promoting enterprise innovation. Teachers can combine the practice and research of enterprises to promote the transformation of scientific research results. In addition, students can go to the enterprise for internship during their school days, and they can directly work in the enterprise after graduation, thus achieving zero-distance employment and reducing the operating costs for the enterprise.
Four, the operation mode and operation mechanism of vocational education group
(a) Mode of operation
Wang Minglun and others put forward the operation mode, operation mechanism and management system of China's vocational education groups.
1. Vertical connection. Bring secondary and higher vocational education into the group system and realize the vertical connection of secondary and higher vocational education. The core of convergence is to take specialty and talent training as the link and "win-win" as the basic principle to achieve the goals of complementary resources, policy sharing, segmented training and scientific development.
2. Horizontal integration. Absorb a group of industries and enterprises that basically correspond to the school's major to participate in the operation of the group, and really carry out order training according to the needs of enterprises, so as to realize the complementary advantages and resource sharing of both sides.
3. Intermediary participation. Consulting service agencies (intermediaries) participate in group operation, mainly referring to vocational education research institutions, industry associations, talent exchange centers, etc. The collectivization operation needs the theoretical guidance and follow-up study of vocational education research units in order to provide the basis for the healthy operation of collectivization in time. Trade associations are closely linked with enterprises, and information exchange platforms are established through trade associations to realize multi-party information resource sharing. The talent exchange center mainly provides information and services on talent demand for vocational colleges. As an intermediary between the government, schools and enterprises, consulting service institutions strengthen the communication among the government, society and group members mainly through information transmission. "
(2) Operating mechanism
1. The operating mechanism is compact. This is a form of substantive merger. The merged units are usually schools, enterprises or other entities, and generally join the group in the form of joint education. After the merger, the members' schools, as a whole, are assigned to the main school of the group, and no longer have the qualification of independent legal person and become a part of the main school of the group.
2. The operating mechanism is loose. This is a group operation form with a main school as the core and other schools, enterprises and entities. It is different from the general sense of joint education, the relationship between the two is closer, and there is a unified leadership and coordination mechanism.
3. Compact and loose operation mechanism. In this way, we can not only avoid the difficulties in completely tight construction, but also avoid the disadvantages in completely loose construction, so as to realize the strong allocation of educational resources on the one hand and form various competitive advantages on the other.
(3) Management system
In order to make the collectivization run smoothly, it is necessary to establish a management system that adapts to the socialist market economic system, ensures the efficient operation of vocational education groups, is coordinated by the government, and is diversified in running schools with the participation of industries (enterprises).
1. The role of the board of directors. The management system of the board of directors plays an important role in the collectivization operation of vocational education: first, determine the goal of collectivization operation and formulate the implementation plan; Secondly, strengthen the connection between schools and society; Third, through the strength of off-campus directors, strive for the support of all sectors of society for running vocational colleges; Fourth, as a "buffer" between the government and schools, the board of directors maintains the relative independence of each member school. The collectivization operation of vocational education should break the original leadership management system and implement the principal responsibility system under the leadership of the board of directors.
2. The role of the government. The government should change from direct management to macro-decision, and give full play to the role of overall planning and coordination. The state should formulate relevant laws and regulations to stipulate the rights and obligations of the government, schools, enterprises and consulting institutions in the group operation. The government should guide the development direction of collectivization operation through investment, evaluation and guidance. The administrative department of education should strengthen overall management, take various measures simultaneously, and promote the construction of vocational education group operation mode, such as the connection between secondary vocational schools and higher vocational schools, the integration of vocational education and adult education, and the active participation of industrial enterprises.
3. Functions of advisory bodies. Consulting services provide theoretical guidance for group operation, basis for decision-making, information on supply and demand of talents for enterprises and employment information for schools. Consulting service institutions should be allowed to have a certain return and get the support of enterprises and schools to form a benign interaction mechanism.
4. Functions of the enterprise. One is to provide decision-making consultation, such as participation in talent demand prediction, professional development, teaching plan formulation, curriculum development and adjustment. The second is to provide practical services, such as providing teachers, training bases and graduate placement for vocational colleges. The third is to provide financial support. Enterprises are one of the main beneficiaries of vocational education and should become one of the main investors. Fourth, provide supervision and evaluation, and participate in the teaching process and personnel training quality evaluation. In addition, enterprises can enjoy special policies: formulate the rights that enterprises should enjoy in participating in vocational education in the form of legislation, such as tax incentives, capital return, priority listing of stocks, recognition of advanced, and priority employment for graduates.