When Russian Emperor Peter I was in office (1672-1725), he started from strengthening national strength and took Europe as an example to carry out a series of reforms in military, political, economic, cultural and educational aspects. The main measures of Peter's educational reform are to establish ordinary schools, specialized schools and academy of sciences.
In order to cultivate specialized talents in various fields and promote the development of Russian military and science and technology, Peter issued three orders to open specialized schools in 170 1 year. 170 1 year 1 month 1 day issued an order to establish an artillery school. Artillery schools train gunners who can read, write and calculate, and have certain scientific knowledge. Students come from all walks of life, and most of them come from noble backgrounds. The school is divided into elementary classes and advanced classes. The study period is four years. Those who passed the exam were sent to the army, and those with poor grades were ordered to drop out of school and sent to the gun factory as workers. On October 4th, 65438+65438/KLOC-0, a decree was issued to establish a "School of Mathematics and Navigation" to recruit children aged from 10 to 12 to learn various sciences related to navigation. The school is strictly managed, attending classes for 9 hours every day at 10 hour, and imposing corporal punishment and fines on truants. After graduation, most of the students were sent to the Netherlands, Britain and other places for further study, and served as field officers of the fleet after returning home. 17 15, its sailing class moved to Petrograd and became a "naval academy". In July, Peter ordered the opening of a "foreign language school", requiring the school to teach the children of Russian officials in Latin, German and Swedish. In addition to offering foreign languages, the school also teaches various general courses. By 17 15, more than 250 students have been trained, most of whom work as translators in government departments and printing houses.
In addition, Peter also allowed the establishment of technical schools and medical schools.
/kloc-before the 0/8th century, the number of Russian primary schools was small and the quality was low. In view of this situation, in 17 14, Peter ordered to open computing schools all over the country to teach literacy, writing, arithmetic and basic knowledge about geometry, algebra and trigonometry. By 17 18, 42 schools have been opened. Schools recruit children from all walks of life (except serfs), but most of them are children of soldiers. Peter decreed that carpenters, sailors, smelters and other employees must master reading and writing. So in 17 19, the Russian school was first established in Petrograd naval factory, and many shipyards also established Russian schools since then. Children usually enter school at the age of 7, and learn to read and write in the first four years, and learn calculation and geometry in the last two years. After graduation, they were sent to naval factories or shipyards as workers. Many sailors and workers actively send their children to school, and most students in Russian schools are workers' children.
When Peter, who founded the Academy of Sciences, visited Europe, he was influenced by scientific research in Germany, France and other countries. In order to train domestic experts and scholars, 1724 issued the order to establish the Academy of Sciences. The next year, the Academy of Sciences was formally established. The Academy of Sciences is divided into three parts: one is mathematics, the other is physics, and the other is humanities. The Academy of Sciences also has affiliated universities and preparatory middle schools.
The famous Russian scientist lomonosov (171-1765) has made great contributions to education. 174 1, leader of universities and middle schools affiliated to the Academy of Sciences. 1755, "Moscow university" was founded at his initiative. Moscow University has no theology department. In order to facilitate civilians to enter the university, a civilian department was set up in the preparatory middle school. 1779, Moscow university opened the affiliated normal college.
2. Catherine II's education
1762, Catherine II (1729-1796) came to power. After Peter I, he resumed the work of establishing and perfecting the national education system. 1782, the National Studies Committee was established, and 1786, the regulations on national studies drafted by the Committee were promulgated. The national school constitution stipulates that all citizens should have access to education, regardless of class, origin and gender, and even serfs can enter urban schools. According to this course, a five-year central school for nationalities is established in the county, which is divided into four levels, and the last level is two years. Set up two-year junior ethnic schools in regional towns below the county level, and its articles of association are the same as those of the first two years of the Central Ethnic School (primary school); The Central Department of Sinology has disciplines such as machinery, physics, geography, history, nature and architecture. The articles of association also stipulate that all ethnic schools are managed by the local government and free education is implemented. Part of the funds are paid by the state treasury and part by local nobles and businessmen. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, many central ethnic schools were changed into middle schools, and primary ethnic schools were changed into county schools.
1764, Russia's first national boarding school for girls was established in Smolny, a suburb of Petersburg, targeting aristocratic girls. In the second year, a civilian girls' school was attached, with the same learning content as the aristocratic girls' school, which mainly trained the housekeepers, nannies and tutors of aristocratic families, but it did not exist for a long time. The influence of aristocratic girls' schools spread abroad, which opened the precedent of Russian women's secondary education.