Confucius, as a great thinker, writer and educator in China, left a valuable educational theoretical legacy to future generations. His educational view focuses on improving students' spiritual realm in personality shaping and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in methods. His viewpoint that the cultivation of people should be guided by moral education still has its theoretical guiding significance for us to educate the next generation today.
Confucius was a great educator and thinker in China during the Spring and Autumn Period. He spent most of his life giving lectures, and won the position of "the most sacred teacher" in national history with his extraordinary wisdom and charisma. Today, when we review Confucius' educational thoughts and practical methods, we can still feel that it has a strong reference significance.
First, the educational concept of combining personality shaping and upgrading with knowledge imparting and explaining.
As an educator, the focus of Confucius' career is not to explain some knowledge points to the audience in isolation, but to incorporate the teaching of knowledge into his own ideological system. While imparting knowledge to students, he will conduct life-oriented education and explain how to be a man. Confucianism founded by Confucius takes benevolence as its core. According to the statistics of Mr. Yang Bojun, a contemporary annotator of The Analects, the concept of "benevolence" has been mentioned 109 times in The Analects. The Analects of Confucius? Say? And the chapter records: "Confucius said:' Take Tao as the purpose, rely on morality, take benevolence as the foundation, and take art as the tour'" The first three articles mentioned in this speech are about the ideological principles of educating people, and art includes the etiquette, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics that the ancients should master. It has the nature of teaching and learning, which is close to what we call exam-oriented education today. In the process of learning six arts, it is necessary to take Tao, morality and benevolence as the premise to make students aware.
Confucius disciples have repeatedly asked the teacher what benevolence is. The Analects of Confucius? Yan Yuan has many records-(1) Yan Yuan asked Ren. Confucius said, "Self-denial and courtesy are benevolence. A day of self-denial and self-denial, the world is benevolent. " (2) Zhong Gong asked Ren. Confucius said, "Going out is like seeing a distinguished guest, which makes people like bearing a big sacrifice. Don't do to others what you don't want. " 3 ask for appointment. Confucius said, "Love." Seek knowledge. Confucius said, "Know people." All these expositions of Confucius show that the theory of benevolence has a strong realistic pertinence, a multi-level connotation, a self-cultivation orientation and a certain political and ethical color, and it is not a big and incompetent person. So I can enlighten my disciples in depth. Yan Yuan and Zhong Gong respectfully said, "Please speak English." .
Confucius closed his school not because of the needs of the times. He spent more than ten years in his life traveling around the world, painstakingly explaining the social significance of Confucianism to the rulers of various countries. During his travels, accidents happened more than once, and Confucius calmly responded, showing his firm will to life and integrity, which left a deep impression on his disciples. For example, when Confucius arrived in Song State and studied under a big tree with his disciples, Huan wanted to kill Confucius and threatened to uproot his tree. Confucius was fearless, confident and open-minded, and said, "Ofuse is the triumph of nature. What should I do?" Later, when passing Kuangdian, people in Kuangdian mistakenly thought that Confucius was Yang Huo and arrested him. Confucius also showed a similar attitude. As he himself said: "The knower is not confused, the benevolent is not worried, and the brave is not afraid." The effect of personality education produced by the handling and solution of this accidental case is far better than the static closed classroom preaching. Confucius set an example and set an example for others. He educates students with the complex environment of the times as the teaching background, and refuses the pale and empty preaching.
The Analects of Confucius? There is such a record in Zi Han: "Zi said in Sichuan:' The deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night.' When you are cold, you know that pine and cypress will wither. Confucius said: the three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary people can't win the ambition. The endless nature aroused Confucius' infinite reverie. He realized that time is infinite and the development of human society will never stop. If people want to make a difference in a limited life and reflect the value and significance of life, they must have firm beliefs and strong will, reflecting the positive and enterprising spirit advocated by Confucianism. Life leaves the unshakable faith navigation and can only drift with the tide and be at a loss. The Analects of Confucius? "Lutz Chapter" records: "Confucius said:' Rigidity, tenacity, wood and stupidity are close to benevolence. Confucius' exposition of benevolence has always been valued by people with lofty ideals. People are willing to quote the famous saying that "a life dies, and benevolence and righteousness do their part", which has become a warning to encourage self-improvement and open up life.
Confucius won the respect of his disciples because his educational thoughts contained rich and instructive contents, which had a great and far-reaching impact on the healthy growth of the younger generation. The Analects of Confucius? Zi Han recorded Yan Hui's admiration for Confucius-Yan Hui sighed: "The higher you lift, the stronger you practice. You look forward, but suddenly you fall behind. The master coaxed me and wrote me articles, asking me to be polite and unable to stop. I have exhausted my talents, if I make a difference. Although I want to follow it, I have no reason. " If you walk in the landscape, the mountain will stop. The breadth and beauty of Confucius' mind can be seen from the admiration of private disciples. Monk, the successor of Confucianism, deeply regrets that he has not been personally promoted by Confucius. Historian Sima Qian wrote The Family of Confucius and The Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples in his masterpiece Historical Records, and sighed: "Although we can't do it, we yearn for it. I have read Confucius's books and want to treat him like a human being. "
[BF] Mao Zedong once said that we should learn everything from Confucius to Sun Yat-sen, and Engels said in Dialectics of Nature that if a nation wants to stand at the forefront of the times, it cannot leave theoretical thinking for a moment. To build socialism with China characteristics, we should critically inherit the ideas of our predecessors and make the past serve the present.
Second, the educational style of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and encouraging appreciation.
Confucius opened the door to run a school, teaching without distinction. In his own words, it is "self-discipline, I have never failed to teach" ("The Analects of Confucius? And "). Disciples who are taught are of any age, some are several decades younger than him, and some are only Xiao Jiu years older than him. Confucius said that there were 3,000 disciples and 70 saints, among whom Yan Hui, Luz and Zigong were deeply loved by Confucius. In the 20 chapters of The Analects of Confucius, the names of disciples are five, twelve, thirteen and fourteen, namely Gongye Chang, Yan Yuan, Luz and Xianwen, which shows the importance of disciples in Confucius' mind.
As an outstanding educator, Confucius noticed the difference in IQ. People have certain plasticity and can be influenced by knowledge the day after tomorrow. However, the cultivation of education parks has always been extensive, and the harvest is not good. We must act arbitrarily regardless of the objective differences of human talents, otherwise we will get twice the result with half the effort. Confucius is well aware of the different talents and personality differences of many disciples, fully and carefully considers the characteristics of each student, and in the process of guiding them to learn the culture of the motherland, he carefully prunes them like a gardener, conforms to nature, and makes them reflect their individual growth, which is unique in different social life fields. The number of students taught by Confucius reached its peak when he was about 50 years old. Among many disciples, Yan Hui is Confucius' favorite. There are 20 quotations in The Analects of Confucius, covering all aspects of Yan Hui. Confucius devoted a lot of efforts to Yan Hui, and the affection between teachers and students even surpassed that of flesh and blood. Confucius had a son named carp, and the whole Analects of Confucius was only mentioned in two places. It was just that Confucius asked him about his research on The Book of Songs. Confucius' love for Yan Hui is also based on Yan Hui's good moral quality. Confucius said, "Go back, March is not inhuman, and the rest are just the sun and the moon." The Analects of Confucius? Yong also recorded the death of Yan Hui. Confucius said, "Alas, thanks! The sky is lost! " Confucius was shocked to hear the bad news, but his own son Kong Li died young, but Confucius was not deeply hurt.
Education is a step-by-step process, and we can't encourage it by pulling out the seedlings. Teaching and learning learn from each other. How can students' reaction to knowledge make teachers think about whether the method is appropriate? For example, Confucius in The Analects? In "Politics", I have a deep understanding: "I will talk back all day long and will not violate it like a fool. If you retire, it is enough to keep your privacy. It is not stupid to retire. " This shows that it takes time for the educated to understand the consumption of knowledge, and the process for those with high understanding is relatively short. Yan Hui accepted Confucius' suggestion, but if he wants to achieve mastery through a comprehensive study, he still needs to calm down and ponder carefully before he can have a practical understanding and further application. Three generations of gentlemen. The expectation of educational achievements should not be rushed, and you can't get fat in one bite. The general educational cognitive law summarized by Confucius in practice is enough for us to learn from.
Confucius in The Analects of Confucius? It says: "If you don't get angry, you will be threatened. If you don't get angry, you will be threatened. If you raise one corner instead of three, you will never see it again." It shows that he noticed that the accumulation of knowledge and the leap from quantitative change to qualitative change need some time and just the right guidance. Confucius treats people with democracy and equality, and encourages students to appreciate them. This can be realized from two descriptions in The Analects in which he invited Yan Hui, Zeng and other disciples to express their opinions. Mencius said, "A gentleman leads without sending, but leaps like a horse." Confucius' teaching method is also full of humor, wit and fun in life. He once said that his ideal in life is "the end of spring, the spring service has finished", with five or six champions, six or seven boys, taking a bath and dancing, and going home. "The sudden recognition of Confucius shows that he has become more and more indifferent and harmonious after suffering. Confucius in The Analects of Confucius? Yang Huo said: "Sex is similar, but learning from each other is far away." He also said, "I'm just smart and stupid." In The Analects of Confucius? Yongye said, "If you are above others, you can also talk about it." : Under China people, you can't say it orally. "This statement shows that Confucius realized that education has a long way to go. Only by respecting the laws of education and seeking truth from facts can we receive satisfactory educational results.
It is no accident that Confucius founded Confucianism and became a generation of famous teachers. From Confucius' related self-report and disciples' evaluation, we can also get valuable enlightenment. Confucius lost his father at the age of three and was raised by his mother. Summing up his life in his later years, he said an intriguing and widely spread sentence-"Be determined to learn at five out of ten, stand at thirty, not be confused at forty, know your destiny at fifty, listen to your ears at sixty, and do what I want at seventy, without exceeding the rules." He also said: "I didn't know it from birth. I have it since ancient times and I am eager to achieve it." He also said: "In a threesome, there must be a teacher; Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " Confucius' tireless learning, Wei's three unique skills and tireless teaching spirit are very touching.
Confucius was very busy. He spared no effort for social harmony and the ideal of benevolence and righteousness, and ran around, which had a positive social impact at that time. The Analects of Confucius? Zhang Zi recorded that Wei Gongsun Sheng asked Zi Gong, "How did Zhong Ni learn?" Zi Gong said: "The way of civil and military affairs has not fallen to the ground, but lies in people. Sages know its greatness, but not wise men know its smallness, so there is a way of being civil and military. Why didn't master learn? And why do you often have teachers? " This is also a very convincing evidence. It shows that Confucius won the honor of a world-famous thinker with his extraordinary wisdom and perseverance in the process of sorting out ancient culture. Confucius is modest and enterprising. His study and practice made him have a deep understanding of nature, life and society, set up the life goal of ruling the country and leveling the world by self-cultivation, and laid a philosophical foundation for people with lofty ideals to serve the country and create a harmonious society.
After the death of Confucius, the disciples took the initiative to build a tomb for him for three years, and Zi Gong kept the tomb for Confucius for another three years after his classmates' close friends dispersed. Wang Gongqing visited the Confucius Temple in Qufu before taking office. Confucius' noble demeanor is touching. Such a good story about respecting teachers and valuing morality is rare in the history of Chinese and foreign education.
Confucius died nearly 2500 years ago. The rapid development of scientific and technological revolution has brought about a comprehensive upgrade of educational means and equipment, and we have a convenient network distance education covering the land of China. The reform and opening up of the socialist motherland, the vigorous development of various construction undertakings and the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation cannot be separated from the support of the constantly emerging senior professionals in the education park. The science and culture that students need to master today are also very different from those of Confucius' disciples in the past. However, there is no essential difference between the sacred function of educating and cultivating new people and that of Confucius. Education-oriented, a century-old plan, is widely known and deeply rooted in people's hearts. Giving priority to the development of education has long been the consensus of heads of government.
"The Little Phoenix is clearer than the Old Phoenix in Shandan Road, Wan Li, Tonghua." When the grand memorial service of Confucius rang in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong, we seemed to hear the earnest instruction of Confucius when the Analects of Confucius was opened-"Why not keep pace with the times?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? "