Confucius at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period was the founder of Confucianism. Confucianism is a school that worships Confucius' theory. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", Confucianism has become the orthodox thought in China feudal society. Confucianism in different periods always adapted to the needs of the feudal ruling class, and deduced various timely Confucianism from Confucius' theory. Before and after the May 4th Movement, Confucianism gradually lost its position as an orthodox thought with the decline of feudal society.
Political views: (blackboard writing)
Confucius put forward the theory of "benevolence", which has a very broad meaning and contains all virtues. Confucius emphasized that benevolence is not only a person's inner psychological feeling and conscious moral consciousness, but also the highest moral standard. A benevolent person must "do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand up for yourself, stand up for others and reach out for others". On the basis of the above ethical concepts, Confucius advocated "benevolence" in view of the disadvantages in the Spring and Autumn Period, and asked the rulers to observe the people's feelings, cherish the people's strength, reduce exploitation and punishment, "govern the country by virtue", oppose tyranny and abuse the people, and rebuke "tyranny is fiercer than tigers".
Educational achievements: (blackboard writing)
(! ) set up a private school to recruit disciples;
Before Confucius, "learning is an official", the school was designed for the children of slave owners and nobles, and civilians did not have the right to education. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, with the transformation from slavery to feudalism and the development of social productive forces, the landlord class needed a large number of intellectuals to serve it, and the atmosphere of gathering disciples to give lectures became increasingly prosperous. Confucius also began to set up private schools to recruit disciples. He advocates "teaching without class" (class refers to the hierarchical difference between the rich and the poor), so long as he "binds himself (ten pieces of dried meat) or more", he will be accepted as a disciple. In this way, poor civilians can receive education as long as they can afford it, thus breaking through the restriction of "learning in the government". Confucius taught more than 3,000 disciples in his life, of which 72 were famous.
(2) Use the teaching method of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" to inspire students to think: (Writing on the blackboard)
Confucius was the first educator in China who advocated "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". He acknowledged the differences and degrees of students' personalities and advocated paying attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude under the unified training goal. Usually, Confucius pays great attention to observation, understands each student's hobbies, personality and degree, memorizes them by heart, and gives different guidance in teaching.
In the history of teaching development, Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn Period in China and Socrates, an educator in ancient Greece, are recognized as the originator of heuristic teaching at home and abroad. In the Analects of Confucius, "If you don't get angry, you won't get angry." If you don't take one angle, you will reverse three angles, and it will never happen again. (In the teaching process, teachers should not enlighten students when they are thinking hard before they enter a positive thinking state; Teachers should not inspire students when they can't talk about what they have learned. ) is a classic quotation that embodies Confucius' heuristic teaching.
(3) Emphasis on honest learning attitude: (blackboard writing)
Confucius taught students to have an honest learning attitude, "knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also"
Middle school students have learned ten Analects of Confucius in Chinese class, which inspires students to think: What kind of learning attitude should they adopt? On the basis of discussion, the students come to the conclusion that they should have a cautious and modest learning attitude and not blindly exaggerate their skills and knowledge.
Inspire students to think: What kind of learning attitude should China have after reading ten Analects of Confucius?
The teacher concluded: "See the sage Si Qi Yan, see the sage Si Qi introspection." "In a threesome, there will be words from my teacher; Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. "
(4) Teaching effective learning methods to disciples: (writing on the blackboard)
Confucius asked students to review what they had learned from time to time. "Review the past and learn new things, and you can be a teacher." Emphasize the necessity of independent thinking.
"Isn't it fun to study from time to time?" Isn't it interesting to practice or practice what you have learned at a certain time?
"Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Reading without thinking will make you confused and get nothing; Dreaming without reading is in danger of falling into heresy. This paper expounds the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, and holds that they should not be neglected.
Teachers should make full use of the fine print of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and the original materials about learning attitude and learning methods in the teaching materials, so as to make the classroom teaching vivid and rich, and the theory is well-founded.
Written classics:
Confucius was a man in the late Spring and Autumn Period. After his death, his disciples collected what they usually listened to, and after collecting it, it was a record of listening. In ancient times, they gave it a term called "Lun". Today, we have papers and exhibitions. If these remarks are put together, they are called "on". Students systematically sort out Confucius' common expressions, and students also give play to Confucius' thoughts. Generally speaking, after the death of Confucius, it will take 30 to 50 years to sort out a stereotyped thing, namely the Analects of Confucius.
In his later years, Confucius compiled China's first chronological history book, Spring and Autumn Annals, based on Lu's historical materials.