1 preface
Many things in the field of sports in China are imported, such as some ideas, theories and systems, which originated from abroad. Then, after China strengthened its extensive contacts with other countries in the mid-Kloc-0/8th century, various ideologies and cultures flocked to China to find their own support. When digesting and absorbing foreign things, our country follows the basic law of dialectics-dialectical negation-sublation: take its essence and discard its dross.
Naturalistic sports thought originated in Europe in the middle of18th century, with Rousseau and Locke as the main representatives. After the founding of New China, with the popularization and implementation of school physical education in China, naturalistic physical education thoughts were introduced into China by some scholars, especially after the Cultural Revolution, there was a small climax of discussing naturalistic physical education thoughts in China. In this discussion, some people are in favor of it, some people are against it, and some people have analyzed its characteristics and shortcomings.
Nowadays, the research on lifelong sports, happy sports and health education is quite fashionable. On the one hand, I want to explain my own understanding, on the other hand, I want to discuss how naturalistic sports thoughts can serve China's sports work under the current situation.
2 the basic content of natural education theory
The theory of natural education is the theoretical cornerstone of naturalistic sports thought. To accurately grasp the naturalistic sports thought, we must first understand the theory of natural education.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/8th century, France set off an Enlightenment that lasted for more than half a century. Rousseau is one of the enlightenment thinkers in this enlightenment movement. As a radical enlightenment thinker, Rousseau attached great importance to education and put forward the theory of natural education.
The core of Rousseau's nature education is to emphasize the education of children, which must follow the requirements of nature and conform to human nature; Oppose adults to force children to receive so-called education that goes against nature according to tradition and prejudice, regardless of their characteristics, and interfere with or restrict their free development. Rousseau's nature education has three sources, namely, nature, people around him and external things. These three different kinds of education, natural education, are not for us to decide at all. Things education can only be decided by us in unnatural aspects, and only human education can really be controlled by us. "Because only these three kinds of education are in the same direction and can cooperate perfectly, children can receive a good education. Therefore, the education of things and people must be coordinated with the' natural education' that people can't control, that is, it is consistent with the natural development of children's nature, and education should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of children's natural development. " ( 1)
Emile embodies Rousseau's theory of nature education. In this book, Rousseau systematically expounds his natural education theory through the fictional teaching process of Emile from birth to adulthood. Then, according to Rousseau's natural education theory, what is his naturalistic sports thought?
3 The main content of naturalistic sports thought
Experts and scholars at home and abroad have deeply studied Rousseau's theory of natural education. This paper will not go into details here, but focus on his naturalistic sports thought.
3. 1 The core content of naturalistic sports thought emphasizes that a healthy and strong body is the material basis for intellectual and moral education of children. Rousseau believes that sensory organs are an important tool for children to acquire knowledge, and children accumulate rich sensory experience through various senses, laying the foundation for the development of their rational intelligence and judgment in the next stage. Therefore, he attaches great importance to sensory training. In the book "Emile", he used a lot of space to describe the training methods of various officials. For example, he advocates exercising the sense of touch in daily life and games, training the ability of visual observation through painting, understanding geometric figures and drawings, and developing hearing through singing and listening to music.
All kinds of sensory organs depend on the body, and the health of the body directly affects the perception ability of various senses. Therefore, while emphasizing sensory training, Rousseau paid great attention to training children's bodies to make them healthy and strong, so as to make full use of the tools of intelligent activities such as senses and limbs and gain rich knowledge. "To engage in a profession, you must first have the tools to engage in that profession; In order to use these tools effectively, it is necessary to make them durable. In order to learn to think, we need to exercise our limbs, our senses and various organs, because this is the tool of our wisdom; In order to make full use of these tools, it is necessary to make the body that provides these tools very strong. Therefore, the true understanding ability of human beings is not only formed independently from the body, but only with good physique can human thoughts be sensitive and correct. " (2) "To cultivate students' wisdom, we must first cultivate their wisdom-oriented physical strength and keep exercising to make them strong, so that they can grow up intelligently and understandingly. " (3)
From the two paragraphs quoted above, it is not difficult to understand Rousseau's emphasis that the body is the material basis of wisdom and exercise is one of the means of human intelligence. It can be considered that naturalistic sports thought based on natural education theory puts sports in the primary position in the process of children's development, and sports must precede intellectual education and moral education, and be more important than them.
3.2 The sports method under the guidance of naturalistic sports thought emphasizes the use of natural means to exercise. Generally speaking, sports means include physical exercise and exercise using natural forces. When Rousseau expounded the exercise method he advocated, it involved both physical exercise and natural forces, but he paid more attention to the exercise of natural forces. "Follow nature, follow the road he drew for you. It is constantly training children, and it sharpens their temperament with various tests; ..... Through various tests, children gain strength; Once they can use their own lives, the source of life will be more solid, which is the law of nature; ..... For a child, it is doubly dangerous to do natural exercise outdoors. On the contrary, it is spreading the danger and reducing it. ..... So, we should train them to bear the blow that they will inevitably encounter one day. Exercise their physique so that they can endure the fierce seasonal climate and wind and rain, and endure hunger and fatigue. " (4) It can be seen that Rousseau's natural sports methods include using natural conditions such as cold water bath, fierce climate season and wind and rain to achieve his sports goals.
Rousseau gave an example of using cold water bath to exercise children's body and temper their will to illustrate his natural exercise method. "Bathe children often, ...; As his physique becomes stronger and stronger, he can gradually lower the temperature of water. Until the end, he can bathe in cold water or even ice water in cold summer or winter. In order not to hurt them, we should slowly, over and over again, unconsciously lower the temperature of water; We can accurately measure the degree of this reduction with a thermometer. " (5) Here, Rousseau emphasized the use of cold water bath to temper people's will and improve their cold resistance. In addition, this cold water bathing method is also reasonable now, and people need to gradually lower the temperature of water, and finally they can take a bath with cold water at any time.
The description of physical exercise in the Law of Natural Exercise is not very detailed, which is one of its shortcomings. Running is one of the simplest ways to exercise, and it is also the most commonly used means for people to exercise. When naturalistic sports emphasize the important role of running, it focuses on people running in the fresh air of nature. Rousseau also mentioned the role of air as a natural condition. He believes that air has a great influence on children's physique, especially in the first few years of life. Air passes through the pores of delicate skin and has a strong influence on the growing body.
3.3 Naturalism sports thought contains the bud of "lifelong sports" thought. Because natural education emphasizes the important role of physical education, in the process of cultivating people, the educated form the habit of physical exercise in adolescence, which can be maintained until adulthood. "Emil (educated) will never abandon the habits he developed in his childhood, because he only did what he wanted to do and liked when he was a child, and so will he when he grew up, so the power of habits will inevitably make him more aware of the fun of freedom. Active life, physical exertion and exercise are so indispensable to him that he will definitely feel very difficult if he is not allowed to do these activities. ..... He needs a lot of air, exercise and fatigue. " (6)
According to the theory of "lifelong sports", "lifelong sports" refers to sports activities that run through the whole life process from childhood to old age. It emphasizes the importance of sports in people's life and the necessity of carrying out sports activities, and requires people to treat and arrange sports as the content of life in various periods of life and fully enjoy the fun of sports. " (7) It should be pointed out that lifelong physical education does not mean that people only exercise a certain kind of sports all their lives.
Comparing the modern lifelong sports theory with Rousseau's naturalistic sports thought, it is not difficult to find the common ground between them. Although naturalistic sports thought does not systematically discuss the theory of lifelong sports, it is undeniable that it contains the bud of lifelong sports thought.
3.4 The requirements of naturalistic sports thoughts on children's sports activities are mainly manifested in giving children sufficient free space to move around and let them move around freely. Although the baby can't exercise, he can move his head and limbs where he is placed, and even crawl on all fours. "When the baby takes off his robe and starts breathing, don't wrap him in a baby tighter than his robe. Don't put a hat on him, don't tie his belt, don't give him a baby; Dress him in fat clothes so that his limbs can move freely, neither so heavy as to hinder his activities, nor so warm as to make him feel the effect of air. " (8)
Rousseau thinks that cold air can strengthen babies' physique, while hot air can make them weak, make them have a fever and even hurt their lives. When the baby's physique begins to strengthen, let them crawl around the house, let him develop and exercise his limbs, so that the baby will be stronger every day.
3.5 The gender difference in naturalistic sports thought stems from the difference of social status between men and women in ancient western society. Another reason is the obvious anatomical and physiological differences between men and women.
In ancient western Europe, men were in a dominant position, and women were only men's subordinates. Their education was entirely for men. "They are educated to make men happy, help them, get their love and respect, raise them from an early age, care for them in their prime, give them advice and comfort, and let them feel happy in life. All these are women's bounden responsibilities at any time. Therefore, educating women from an early age is to make them better meet the needs of men. " (9)
Since the purpose of women's sports is to meet the needs of men's life and raising children, their bodies can neither be as weak as men nor as strong as men. On the other hand, only the mother is in good health can the child be in good health. Therefore, it is necessary to let them take on the heavy responsibility of pregnancy, childbirth and feeding their children through physical exercise. From the above purposes, men's sports are to train them to grow strong and strong, while women's sports are to make them grow smart. Of course, women also need some physical strength to feel relaxed at work; Men also need considerable dexterity, and it is easy to do work.
4 Shortcomings and shortcomings of naturalistic sports thought
4. 1 The biggest shortcoming of naturalistic sports thought comes from natural education theory. The idea that natural education theory educates according to the characteristics of the times is undoubtedly a great progress in the history of education, which provides extremely valuable enlightenment to the later development of bourgeois pedagogy, especially the development of educational psychology. However, it is obviously unscientific to separate all kinds of education according to age and cultivate physical education, intellectual education and moral education in stages. Many practices have proved that in the process of cultivating people, morality, intelligence and physique can and should be developed in an all-round way at the same time.
4.2 Due to social traditional prejudice, women are treated unequally in social status, which leads to misunderstanding of women's sports. Although there are gender differences in sports between men and women, what are the differences and how to guide women's sports according to these differences are discussed in another article, which is beyond the scope of this article.
5 the practical significance of studying naturalistic sports thought
5. 1 after the implementation of nine-year compulsory education in China, school education is an important stage that every citizen must go through in his life and plays a vital role in everyone's development. Therefore, the success of school education will directly affect the cultivation of talents and the future of the country. How to deal with the relationship between moral education, intellectual education and physical education, especially the relationship between intellectual education and physical education, has always been a controversial issue in China's educational circles. Rousseau's naturalistic sports thought puts sports in the primary position of cultivating an all-round developed person, no matter the time sequence or the importance. Therefore, when we consider the relationship between the three kinds of education in school education, we should make clear the importance of physical education and put it in a reasonable position to ensure the all-round development of teenagers.
When discussing the importance of school physical education, there are also many people of insight in our country. Mao Zedong, a young man, once pointed out: "Moral, intellectual and physical beauty are matched with sports, and moral, intellectual and physical beauty are all in the body. The body, carrying the car of knowledge and the house of morality, also has no morality and wisdom. " Physical education is an educational activity that makes the knowledge carrier and moral residence more developed. Therefore, no physical education means no moral, intellectual and physical education.
As early as 19 17, Mr. Cai Yuanpei, the first director of education after the founding of New China, pointed out in his speech at the welcome meeting of Nankai School: "Today, please talk about sports first, then intellectual education ... I don't know that if you have a sound body, you will have a sound spirit. If you are weak, how can your mind and spirit develop? " (10) In the same year, he mentioned in his speech at Zhejiang Lvjin Public School: "Today, new educators pay equal attention to physical education, intellectual education and moral education, and their results are even better than the old education. A strong brain is wise and rich, and a weak body is weak. " ( 1 1)
Starting from the naturalistic sports thought and combining the views of two great men, Mao Zedong and Cai Yuanpei, the school education in China should put sports in a very important position, and strive to explore a reasonable way to accomplish this task.
5.21June, 1995, China promulgated and implemented the Outline of National Fitness Program, which set off an upsurge of national fitness in all walks of life.
Although the national economy of China has developed rapidly in the past 65,438+00 years, due to the weak foundation, most people can only solve the problem of food and clothing at present, and they don't have much economic ability to invest in physical fitness activities.
The main feature of naturalistic sports thinking sports method is that it emphasizes the use of natural means and methods, is not limited by venue equipment and sports equipment, and can exercise at any time and place according to local conditions. This is of practical significance to the popularization and implementation of the national fitness program.
6 Conclusions and recommendations
6. 1 Rousseau's naturalistic sports thought highlights the primary role of sports in cultivating an outstanding talent, and holds that a healthy and strong body is the material basis for better intellectual education and moral education. In the upsurge of "one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate", how to put the position of school physical education in order is the top priority of school physical education in China at present.
6.2 Naturalism sports thought emphasizes exercising and cultivating will quality by using various natural conditions according to natural laws. This is of practical significance to the implementation of the national fitness plan under the current underdeveloped economy.
6.3 Naturalism sports thought contains the bud of lifelong sports thought. School physical education is an important part of lifelong physical education and the foundation of ultimate physical education. It is suggested to strengthen the substantive research of lifelong physical education, especially how to make schools.