Yong Zhengdi's robe

When I was young, I studied classics and history with Gu Badai and Xu, and became very close to Zen monks. I know a little about Buddhism and am proficient in Zen. He traveled with the Holy Father to Binan, Xinjiang (20 photos), facing the Wutai Mountain Buddha and the Jehol River in Qiu County (now Chengde, Hebei Province), and was ordered to visit the ancestral graves of Confucius Temple in Qufu and Shengjing (now Shenyang, Liaoning Province). Kang Yong flourished 130 years, and Yongzheng 13 years played a very key role.

Kangxi left a mess for Yongzheng, and Yongzheng left a rich material foundation, a clean cadre team and a clean bureaucratic environment-it can be said that without Yongzheng's historical contribution [1], there would be no historical glory in the Qianlong era.

Yong Zhengdi is diligent in government affairs and lives frugally. According to historical records, there were more than 35,000 Zhu Pi memorials during the Yongzheng period. When Yongzheng was in office 13 years divided by the total number of words, it averaged more than 8,000 words per day! Even compared with the current computer, 13 how many people can write more than 8000 words a day on average? What's more, a "busy" regime leader? This detail fully shows that Yongzheng is a very rare diligent emperor in the history of China. The flourishing age of Kang Yong is the most glorious period of the feudal society in China for more than 2,000 years. In the meantime, the year of 13, in which Yong Zhengdi made great efforts, was a year of connecting the past with the future, which can be said to be the hub of this "prosperous time". Yongzheng was sandwiched between Kangxi and Qianlong. Compared with the 61-year rule of his father Michelle Ye and the 60-year rule of his son Li Hong, Yin Zhen's 13-year rule was very short. However, his achievements are considerable, such as forbidding nepotism, rectifying bureaucracy, emphasizing pragmatism and doing more achievements, and actually surpassing his father in many aspects [2]. Yongzheng attached great importance to employing people, and took government officials such as Tian Wenjing and E Ertai as examples of bureaucrats to clarify the management of officials. He vigorously traced the long-standing tax deficit and tax arrears over the years, and found out that from the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12) to the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), he owed more than two million yuan in taxes 1000. During the Yongzheng period, due to good personnel and financial management, it entered the richest stage of the Qing Dynasty, and the state treasury silver reached as much as 62 million [3]. In his later years, Emperor Kangxi fought fiercely for the throne, which made him unable to handle state affairs with confidence. Although the society was prosperous on the surface, internal contradictions broke out, bureaucracy deteriorated to an alarming degree, land was concentrated in the hands of a few people, the treasury was empty, there was no money for disaster relief, there was no pay for war, and the Western Regions gave up halfway. This political decline was reversed by Yongzheng. Yongzheng ascended the throne at 45. Before that, he had many years of running errands and political experience cultivated in imperial infighting. Knowing the social contradictions during Kangxi's reign and having a deep understanding of the folk reality, he resolutely eliminated his cronies, used talents with certain strength in an eclectic way, cleared up the fiscal deficits of the central and provincial governments, confiscated corrupt officials, and banned their families from enjoying illicit money. Many of his practices in rectifying official management also have their historical inevitability and rationality. Qing Holy Father personally signed Galdin and took over Zhenghongqi Camp. In the last years of Kangxi, he competed with other princes for the throne of Chu. After the death of his holy father, he succeeded to the throne with the help of Andrew, the thirteenth son of the emperor. It is also said that with the help of Long Keduo, the throne of Yin Gui, the general of Fuyuan, was seized. Whether Yongzheng inherited the throne from Kangxi or tampered with the testamentary edict to seize the throne is a controversial issue, and there is no conclusion yet. But most historians judge that Kangxi's testamentary edict is Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian. According to folk sayings, it has modified Chinese, but Mongolian and Manchu cannot be modified. Moreover, folklore spread to the Fourteenth Prince and was changed to the Fourth Prince by Long Keduo. However, according to the rules of official document writing in Qing Dynasty, there are no so-called four princes and fourteen princes, but four princes and fourteen princes. Up to now, about10 million Qing dynasty documents in the Forbidden City are no exception. The word Yu was only used as a name in ancient times, and its transmission should be "Yu". From the analysis of writing habits and contents, folklore can basically be regarded as rumors.

Sejong of the Qing Dynasty was forty-five years old when he ascended the throne. With his previous experience, he has a better understanding of the world and rich ruling experience. After he ascended the throne, he took various political measures to consolidate his throne. The first is to eliminate dissidents, divide and disintegrate the Prince Group, recall Yin Gui from the front line of the Northwest Army and ban him. Jinfeng was named Prince Lian and Minister of Prime Minister Affairs. Send Yunchan to West Datong, Qinghai (now northwest of Datong, Qinghai). In view of the fact that there was no effective storage system in Qing Dynasty, disputes often occurred in succession to the throne, so a secret storage system was established. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), he accepted the suggestion of Nuo Min, the governor of Shaanxi Province, and took measures to abolish envy and return it to the public and keep honest money, so as to limit and reduce the corruption and extortion of officials. In the second year, in view of the serious shortage of money and grain in various places in the last years of Kangxi, it was decided to conduct a strict inventory, and corrupt officials were immediately robbed of their property, owed money to the people, and ordered to collect taxes in a short time. In three years, Sejong ordered Nian Gengyao, the general of Fuyuan, to commit suicide in the name of domineering over power and cronyism. At the same time, Kodo Pacific Insurance was cut down, and Chang Chunyuan was killed in the back circle. Therefore, Wang Zhengwen's Western Expedition case and Justine's examination case were implicated. In seven years, Zhang Xi, a disciple of Ceng Jing School, instigated the rebellion of Yue Zhongqi, governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, which implicated the late Neo-Confucianism Lv Liuliang. Sejong then set up a literary inquisition as a means of controlling thoughts, cracking down on political enemies and improving authority. In the same year, in order to meet the needs of northwest operations, the military confidential room was set up (changed to the military department in ten years), and important ministers were selected to assist military affairs. Military ministers can only explain the emperor's orders, but have no right to praise the paintings, thus making the emperor more centralized. In addition to writing and playing books, he also ordered the governor to give instructions to local officials (dense playing was tried out as early as Kangxi period, but it was widely used in Yongzheng period) to strengthen the emperor's control over local administration.

Yong Zhengdi's portrait of reading.

Economically, some measures aimed at developing agricultural production have been taken. In the second year of Yongzheng, Li, the governor of Zhili, began to implement the system of "spreading fields into mu". At the same time, he announced the abolition of Confucian households and official households, restricted the privileges of gentry, and made the burden of labor service more reasonable regardless of wealth. At the same time, in order to solve the problem of food needed by the growing population, the traditional policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining the end of the year was more strictly implemented, encouraging reclamation, emphasizing food production, opposing the cultivation of cash crops, mining and developing handicrafts (this is the limitation of feudal rulers). He attaches great importance to water conservancy construction. In addition to harnessing the Yellow River and building seawalls in Zhejiang, he also ordered Prince Xiang to develop farmland water conservancy in Zhili and build and dredge canals in Ningxia. At the same time, social reforms were carried out. In the first year of Yongzheng, he ordered the destruction of Le Shu in Shanxi and Shaanxi, and ordered other cheap books to do the same. Later, lazy people in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, escort agencies in Huizhou, Anhui Province, servants in Ningguo, beggars in Guangdong Province and beggars in Changshu, Jiangsu Province opened their doors one after another, which cracked down on the remaining slave-holding system and played a positive role in social development.

Sejong also paid attention to relations with ethnic minorities and diplomatic relations during his reign. In the fourth year of Yongzheng, according to the proposal of E Ertai, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, a picture album of Yongzheng study was established, and the policy of "changing soil to flow" was implemented on a large scale. Some chieftains in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces were cancelled, which strengthened the central government's rule in this area. In the past five years, the Qing court concluded the Brinsky Treaty and the Chaktu Treaty with Russia, which safeguarded national sovereignty in delineating the Sino-Russian border and dealing with trade issues between the two countries.

Sejong of the Qing Dynasty compiled some of the memorials he had reviewed into Records of Bamboo Skin Yu Yu. His letters to courtiers were compiled by Zhang and others into cabinet style and the Eight Banners of the Empire. His articles in various genres were compiled into the Royal Collection by later generations. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng, Sejong died. Xian Di.

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Yongzheng chronology

Yin Zhen was born in 1678. The biological mother is Wu Yashi (Empress Dowager Gongren). /kloc-adopted by the imperial concubine of Tong Jiashi (later queen) after 0 years old.

Yongzheng in his youth (Prince Yong)

In 1683, he studied under Gu's eight dynasties and for many years. Album (2)

In A.D. 1686, Yin Zhen and Yi Yin, Yin Yong and Yin Zhi patrolled the Great Wall.

In A.D. 169 1 year, she married Urnala, the daughter of the minister, according to her father's order.

In A.D. 1696, Kangxi personally signed Galdin. Yin Zhen, Yin Qi, Ewing and Yin Gui split up the Eight Banners and the Tenth Battalion.

In A.D. 1698, Yin Zhen was awarded the title of Laubel.

In a.d. 1699, Kangxi built a mansion for the married prince and separated. Four Baylor Mansions were later expanded to Qin Yong Palace and changed to He Yong Palace during Yongzheng period.

In A.D. 1702, Yin Zhen, Yin Yong and Huang Anxiang visited Wutai Mountain and headed south.

In A.D. 1708, Kangxi abolished the Prince. Yin Zhen was detained with Yinxiang, Yin Yong, Yin Qi and Huang Hong.

1709, Yin Zhen was made Prince Yong.

In 65438, Niu Kelu and Li Hong were born together.

In A.D. 17 18, Kangxi ordered Yin Zhen and Yin Zhi to lead civil and military officials and sent general Wang Yinchan (from Yin Zhen) to Deshengmen.

172 1 year, the 60th anniversary of Kangxi. Yin Zhen was specially sent to Shengjing to worship his ancestors.

1722 10, went to Tongzhou to investigate the distribution of granaries for 28 days; 1 1 9/month, single recruit Yin Zhen to Changchun Garden; On the tenth day of November, Yin Zhen went to the Temple of Heaven on behalf of Kangxi; 1 1 month 13, Kangxi died. Yin Zhen ascended the throne by borrowing Kangxi's will.

In April of A.D. 1723, he sent his late emperor to Dongling, Zunhua, and later imprisoned the 14th May Yin Gui (formerly known as Yin Zhen) in Tangshan. In May, the Queen Mother died suddenly; In August, Li Hong was secretly sealed.

In October 1724, I was banned by Brother Ten. In December, Yin Yong, the waste prince, died and was made Prince of Li Mi.

In April 1725, Nian Gengyao was sent to Hangzhou and was reduced to general Hangzhou; /kloc-in February, Nian Gengyao was found guilty of 92 counts.

AD 1726, the first month, May 8th and May 9th were removed from their ancestral records; In March, Yin Gui changed her name to Akina; In May, Yin Gui was imprisoned in the Guande Hall in Jingshan; In June, 40 counts of false accusation and frame-up, 28 counts of false accusation and frame-up, and 14 counts of false accusation and frame-up were determined; In August, Seth Black died in Baoding Palace Museum. In September, Achina died in the forbidden area.

In A.D. 1727, Longkodo negotiated with Russia on the border issue, which was about to succeed. However, due to nepotism and possession of jade, no matter how much loss Longge will bring to the Qing negotiations, he was immediately sent back to Beijing to arrest and property. 10 month, Long Keduo was sentenced to 4 1 major crime.

In June 1728, Yue Zhongqi cited the case of Ceng Jing, implicated Lv Liuliang and Lv Liuliang, and was flogged and beheaded. In the same month, Long Keduo died in the forbidden area.

In A.D. 1729 10, Ceng Jing survived his death and was awarded "Memory of Great Justice".

In May 1730, Andrew died and Yongzheng visited the funeral home. On the grounds that Yin Zhi, the third brother, was not sad (when Fu Hui, the son of Yongzheng, died), Jingshan was banned from the knighthood.

In February of A.D. 1733, he was named Prince Bao and Prince Hongzhou congratulated him.

On August 23rd, A.D. 1735, Yongzheng died.

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Rectify official management

At the beginning of Yong Zhengdi's accession to the throne, bureaucracy was lax and corruption was prevalent. He overcame all kinds of resistance and opened it on a large scale throughout the country.

The white dragon robe of the moon altar enshrined by Yongzheng.

Exhibition inventory deficit, the establishment of examination bureau, the implementation of envy of public consumption, the implementation of the system of yanglianyin, the abolition of bad rules and other work, because of his decisive and resolute attitude, the financial situation of the Qing Dynasty has been significantly improved in a short time, and the bad situation of official corruption has been greatly changed. Yang, a Japanese scholar living in China, said: "Kangxi was magnanimous and broad-minded. If it weren't for Yongzheng's rectification, the Qing Dynasty would have declined long ago. " There is a saying that "once Yongzheng, no official is unclear".

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Tan ding ru mu

This is a major tax reform. China has been taxed since ancient times, and adult men, rich or poor, have to pay poll tax. Yongzheng carried out reforms, spread the per capita tax into mu, and determined the tax amount according to the number of mu. More land is paid, less land is collected, and no land is collected. be

Yongzheng

As the saying goes, the poll tax was abolished in one fell swoop. This measure is beneficial to the poor, not to the landlords, and it is a major reform in China's fiscal and taxation history.

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Return to the public with envy

In ancient China, silver and copper were used as money. When collecting taxes, silver and copper are lost in exchange, casting, preservation and transportation, so there is a certain surcharge when collecting taxes. This kind of surcharge, called "consumption envy" or "fire consumption", has been levied by local counties as extra income for local offices and officials. Consumption envy can't set the amount of levy, and counties will have to levy heavy taxes if they want to do whatever they want. Some will take one or two taxes and spend five or six dollars, which is a heavy burden for ordinary people. Yongzheng implemented the policy of "envy returning to the public" and changed this additional tax into statutory tax and fixed tax, which was managed by the governor. Tax revenue, in addition to office expenses, is used as a "pension fund", which greatly increases the salary of officials. In this way, it not only lightens the burden on the people, but also ensures the implementation of a clean government. Therefore, Yongzheng said, "Since the promulgation of this law, the administration of officials has been a little bit clear, so there is no need to reinvent the wheel." This is the so-called "high salary and honesty".

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The establishment of the military department has popularized the memorial system.

In the Ming dynasty, power was concentrated in the cabinet, so power came into being. Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty further concentrated power in the hands of the emperor and established the military department, which served as the secretary team of the emperor, making suggestions, writing documents and managing government affairs for the emperor. It is characterized by its simplicity and quickness in handling political affairs. The minister of military affairs directly deals with all localities and ministries, understands the local situation and conveys the emperor's will. This institution existed for 200 years until the late Qing Dynasty. and

Grand Council

The establishment of the military department was accompanied by the implementation of the memorial system. Because the previous official documents were complicated, many people read them, and it was difficult to keep them secret because of the time delay, but the memorial was presented directly to the emperor, directly to the emperor himself. Yongzheng expanded the number of people who can play the emperor, so that officials with different identities can reflect the situation in time, report government affairs, and make the emperor examine the situation in order to make policies; It also enabled officials to supervise each other and let the emperor know their virtue, stupidity, laziness, achievements and honesty.

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Bureaucracy of local officers

Some areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities, such as southwest China, implement the chieftain system, and their positions are hereditary, nominally only accepting Qing books.

Sealed. Toastmasters are arrogant. This system has hindered national unity and the development of regional economy and culture. After Yongzheng ascended the throne, he abolished many chieftains in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and Hunan, and changed to a state-county system consistent with the whole country. "Returning home" is a serious struggle. Many chiefs resisted, and Yongzheng resolutely sent troops to suppress them. Although innocent people were also involved in the counter-insurgency war, it did harm ethnic minorities. But in the long run, "returning home" is a progressive measure, which attacks and limits the separatist regime and the privileges of chieftain, and is conducive to the economic and cultural development of ethnic areas.

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An open foreign ban

In the early period of Yongzheng, the sea ban was strictly enforced, but later, considering the sufferings of the coastal people, Yongzheng opened the foreign ban for five years. Allow people to trade in Nanyang. Fujian and Guangdong provinces have imposed a sea ban. Yongzheng also paid more attention to the opium trade at that time. His opium policy was: selling drugs, paying in hell, strictly distinguishing medical opium from drug opium smoke, banning drugs, not interfering in medical use, and taking care of the legitimate interests of small businessmen. Yongzheng also treated the envoys from western Europe with courtesy. Although he strongly opposed the spread of Catholicism among the people in China (partly because of the conservative ideas of feudal emperors), at the same time, he didn't mean any harm to Catholicism. In five years, Ambassador Bordugar (now Portugal) came to Beijing. Yongzheng's preferential treatment made him deeply grateful. Even on Yongzheng's birthday, he prayed in the Catholic church to celebrate his birthday. Yongzheng also selected some talented missionaries to develop foreign musical instruments and burn materials in the palace. Macartney came to China that year, partly because "Enlightened" written by Yongzheng in Voltaire was well known to Europeans, which made them full of beautiful illusions about Emperor China (then Qianlong) and his trade with China.

As a feudal emperor, although he opened the foreign ban, restored the livelihood deprived by some people in the southern coastal areas in the last years of Kangxi, and promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Nanyang, it inevitably had its limitations.

In addition, the abolition of the base membership system and waist cutting is also one of his achievements. In fact, the reason for abolishing the waist chop is this: Yong Zhengdi once killed a person with the waist chop, because the waist chop was cut from the waist with a knife, and the person was still alive after the cut. After being cut, the man's fingers were stained with blood and wrote seven words "miserable" on the ground. Yong Zhengdi felt miserable when he heard that, and ordered the abolition of waist cutting.

During his 13 short reign, he carried out more reforms than his father (Kangxi). It can be said that Yongzheng was a reform-oriented emperor.

Sejong worked diligently in the Qing Dynasty, vigorously eliminated all kinds of disadvantages accumulated in the later period of Kangxi's rule, made certain achievements, and made contributions to the historical development of the Qing Dynasty. However, his strict rule, suspicion and unkindness are his weaknesses, which easily offend many bureaucrats. At the same time, it is precisely because of his strict rule and extraordinary efforts that the Qing empire gradually reached its peak, which also played a role in connecting the past with the future for the prosperous period of Kanggan.

In addition, Yongzheng's diligence is not only the emperors of past dynasties, but even in modern times, few people can match him. During the eight months of 12, he worked late into the night almost every day. Only on his birthday will he take a year off. And sleep less than 4 hours a day. The comment on writing written only on tens of thousands of memorials amounts to more than ten thousand words 10. Yong Zhengdi's diligent spirit and achievements in governing the country are exemplary among the ancient emperors in China. Yongzheng (5 photos)

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Mother-child disharmony

Yong Zhengdi, sejong of Qing Dynasty, was Kangxi's cousin since childhood, and was raised by Tong Jiashi, the imperial concubine of the emperor (that is, the first-class male Tong Guowei's daughter, Empress Xiao Yiren). Although she was not adopted, Tong Jiashi was in charge of the harem as a deputy queen, and Tong Jiashi's position remained vacant. Yin Zhen gave birth to a daughter a few years after her birth, and died soon after. Therefore, I regard Yin Zhen as my own, attentive and considerate, Yongzheng. Counting up, it is considered that among the philosophers of Kangxi, apart from the second brother Yi Yin (born by the granddaughter of Sony, a veteran of the four dynasties, and the niece of Suoyutu, who was originally called "Empress Renxiao") and the tenth brother Yi Yin (born by Lady Wen Xigui, the sister of Empress Zhaoren and the daughter of Guan Bilong), as a child, Yin Zhen had this unique opportunity in Kangxi Palace and was personally nurtured by his father. The so-called "mother's lover's child hug" suddenly became happy and very warm and harmonious. The emotional foundation between their father and son is also particularly deep and solid because of this relationship.

According to the custom of the Qing court, the prince was raised by officials or other concubines after his birth. In a word, he has to be raised by his own mother after he is born. This may be to put an end to harem politics, so the Qing Dynasty basically put an end to the evil politics of concubines and consorts except Cixi. However, this "anti-fraud" strategy is not perfect. Due to the lack of contact and communication, it is very likely to lead to embarrassing situations such as alienation, mutual suspicion, emotional anxiety and indifference between biological mothers and children. It's a pity that the relationship between Yongzheng and his biological mother, De Fei, is so strange and tense, indifferent and helpless.

The reasons can be summarized as follows:

First, because Yin Zhen was raised by Tong Jiashi from birth (when Yin Zhen later recalled Tong Jiashi, he was impressed by his "Records of Sejong in the Qing Dynasty", volume 11, page 9, "Take care of his age, take care of his recovery, prepare for his benevolence, look back ten years, and do not report to Daide". ), until Tong Jiashi died around the age of eleven, Yin Zhen grew up day by day under the care and guidance of his mother.