Jewelry education in China is accompanied by the development of jewelry industry. Over the past 30 years, through the hard work and joint efforts of jewelry educators, jewelry education has made important contributions to the cultivation and development of talents in China's jewelry industry, improved the overall quality of employees in China's jewelry industry, and played a positive role in supporting the benign and healthy development of the industry. The mode of jewelry education has gradually developed from a single teaching mode of gemology theory to a diversified mode of specialization, practicality, marketization and popularization, which embodies the educational purpose of education serving the industry, market and society.
1. Professional jewelry education has gradually established the educational goal of actual combat.
Vocational education is the first of its kind in China. In the mid-1980s, after investigating the jewelry education in Britain, Japan and the United States, the Gemmology Research Office in geological museum, China and China Geo University (Wuhan) took the lead in developing jewelry vocational education. Gem research laboratory mainly carries out short-term training courses on gem identification. Wuhan Jewelry Institute introduced the FGA education system from Britain, which initiated the jewelry education in China. Since then, the training content of vocational education has been continuously expanded, and a series of courses have been offered according to the needs of industry and enterprise development, as well as special courses for the public and ordinary consumers and jewelry collectors. Up to now, vocational education has formed a complete education system covering gem raw material identification, gem cutting and grinding, precious metal material detection, gem diamond identification and classification, jewelry evaluation, jewelry processing, jewelry design, jewelry marketing, jewelry enterprise management and planning. Throughout the entire jewelry industry chain. At present, the National Jewelry Training Center is an institution specialized in vocational education in China. In addition, some colleges and universities and provincial and municipal jewelry quality supervision stations also carry out some vocational education.
After decades of efforts and reforms, domestic vocational education has developed into the advantages of flexible curriculum, practical teaching effect, diverse teaching forms, adjustable teaching time, strong pertinence of teaching content and market, strong mobility of teaching places and unlimited number of trainees, which has trained a large number of urgently needed talents for jewelry industry and enterprises. In particular, the curriculum content of vocational education can be set up according to the different business characteristics and positions of enterprises, aiming at the new problems and new needs in the process of enterprise development, so as to train the needed talents for enterprises in a short time and solve the practical problems of enterprises. At the same time, due to the practicality of vocational education, students trained by vocational education can quickly enter the work role and effectively solve practical problems in their work, thus immediately improving the work and economic benefits of enterprises. In addition, vocational education has become a good supplement to academic education because of its practicality. Students who have graduated from formal education often need to undergo vocational training in corresponding positions again during their employment and work. Furthermore, because vocational education does not require students to have academic qualifications and work experience, people with different academic qualifications, educational levels and different industries can receive vocational education and training, thus providing employees, jewelry lovers, collectors and consumers with opportunities to receive jewelry education. These undoubtedly play a positive role in improving the quality of employees, prospering the jewelry market, improving the consumption quality of consumers and enhancing consumers' confidence in the jewelry industry. Vocational education is becoming more and more mature and has become the main body of jewelry education.
2. A complete academic education system has been formed.
In China, Guilin Institute of Technology took the lead in setting up the jewelry undergraduate major in 1989, and China Geo University (Wuhan) Jewelry College was established in 1992. Since then, the jewelry major has been formally included in the academic education in China. Later, Shanghai Tongji University, China Geo University (Beijing) Jewelry College, Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen University, Tianjin Vocational College, Shijiazhuang Institute of Economics, Tianjin Business School, etc. Also set up jewelry specialty one after another. At the same time, jewelry education has also started in secondary technical schools, such as Shenzhen Senior Technical School, Shenzhen Bolun Vocational and Technical School, Shenzhen Higher Vocational and Technical College, Panyu Vocational and Technical College, Hainan Vocational and Technical College and Liaoning Vocational College of Geological Engineering. According to incomplete statistics, about 80 colleges and universities in China offer jewelry-related majors. Professional disciplines include gemology, gem materials and technology, jewelry marketing and trade, jewelry design, jewelry processing and other fields. After just over ten years' development, a complete talent training system for vocational high schools, technical secondary schools, junior colleges, undergraduates, masters and doctors has been gradually established.
China is the only country that has included jewelry specialty in academic education. Because most of the early jewelry majors set up colleges with geological majors, China's jewelry academic education has a solid and systematic foundation in mineral deposit science, petrology and mineralogy. From the perspective of jewelry specialty construction, China's jewelry academic education is more systematic, including not only professional studies such as geology, gemology and materials science, but also higher education in basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, foreign languages and politics. At the same time, economics, business and marketing are also compulsory courses for students. The students trained by domestic jewelry education are unique in the world. Employees with jewelry education background are the most potential group. Many of them have become the backbone of jewelry enterprises, and some of them have become quite successful jewelry merchants. At the same time, talents with academic qualifications are also the main force of China's jewelry research team and the technical backbone of jewelry testing institutions. They are also the influencers, promoters and mainstream groups of the future development of Chinese jewelry industry.
3. Establish the post/qualification system for employees in jewelry industry.
The construction of China's jewelry qualification system is also a pioneering work in the international jewelry industry, which plays an extremely important role in realizing the job responsibilities of Chinese jewelry practitioners and improving the overall quality. The healthy development of an industry needs a standardized and orderly market environment, and the professional quality of employees, management ability, professional ethics and consumers' understanding of jewelry products and industries are even more indispensable.
3. 1 CGC jewelry laboratory technician qualification system
65438-0997 Under the guidance of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the Ministry of Personnel, the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center established China CGC certified gemstones. The National Center for Quality Supervision and Inspection of Jewellery and Jade also organized relevant experts to compile and formulate special teaching materials and examination outlines for CGC pre-examination training in systematic gemology. The examination of CGC is held every two years and consists of four subjects, including two theoretical subjects: "Basic Gemmology Theory and Related Laws and Regulations" and "Gemmology Professional Knowledge". There are two kinds of practical tests: "Gem Identification" and "Diamond Classification". Three pre-test training stations have been set up in China: Beijing Station (National Jewelry Training Center), Wuhan Station (Jewelry College of China Geo University (Wuhan)) and Shanghai Station. Since 1997, Beijing has held seven national examinations. By the end of 2008, a total of 1082 national registered quality inspectors (CGC) had been trained nationwide. All technicians working in jewelry laboratory must have CGC qualification before they can issue appraisal certificates. The establishment of the national quality inspector qualification system for jewelry and jade ensures the overall testing quality and level of jewelry laboratories in China, and promotes the unified promotion and adoption of national standards for jewelry industry in China.
Figure 7- 1- 1 NGTC Jewelry Store Clerk Course
3.2 Jewelry Appraiser Qualification System -CPVG
In 2003, under the guidance of Ministry of Personnel, Ministry of Finance and China Assets Appraisal Association, CPVG- Gem Certified Asset Appraiser was established in the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center. The National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center also organized relevant experts to compile and formulate the special teaching materials and examination syllabus for the pre-examination training of jewelry appraisal CPVG. The National Certified Jewelry Appraiser (CPVG) qualification examination consists of five examination subjects: jewelry appraisal and classification, asset appraisal, economic law, jewelry appraisal theory and method, and jewelry appraisal case analysis. Among them, "jewelry identification and classification" was included in the CGC qualification examination; Assets Appraisal and Economic Law are the subjects of the national social unified examination; Theory and Method of Jewelry Evaluation and Case Analysis of Jewelry Evaluation are tested every two years, and the only CPVG training institution in China is undertaken by the National Jewelry Training Center. Since 2003, Beijing has held three national examinations. Only people with CPVG qualification can legally engage in jewelry evaluation. At present, China has trained 63 jewelry asset appraisers (CPVG). The establishment of the qualification system of jewelry asset appraisers provides reliable professional guarantee for jewelry to enter the fields of auction, asset reorganization, credit and justice.
3.3 Professional Qualification System for Employees in Jewelry Enterprises
With the implementation of the professional qualification system of the former Ministry of Labor and Social Security, the jewelry industry has established a series of professional posts and professional qualification systems.
The vocational qualification system implemented by the former Ministry of Labor and Social Security is generally divided into five levels of vocational qualifications, namely: primary skills (vocational qualification level 5), intermediate skills (vocational qualification level 4), advanced skills (vocational qualification level 3), technicians (vocational qualification level 2) and senior technicians (vocational qualification level 1). In 200 1 year, the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center organized experts to formulate the professional qualification system for jewelry salesmen, and established the corresponding professional qualification standards and special training materials for jewelry salesmen. In 2002, the Ministry of Labor established the "Jewelry Vocational Skills Appraisal Guidance Center", which is subordinate to the Jewelry and Jade Jewelry Management Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, and set up 23 jewelry vocational skills appraisal stations throughout the country. At present, the types of jobs recognized in the jewelry industry are: precious metal inspector, diamond inspector, gem inspector, jewelry salesman, precious metal jewelry craftsman, precious metal jewelry mechanic and gem grinder. Up to now, more than 1 1500 people have obtained vocational skills certificates after appraisal by the jewelry vocational skills appraisal guidance center.
The establishment of the above-mentioned vocational qualification system and training system, as all employees in China's jewelry industry, adopts national unified vocational qualification standards for training and qualification recognition, which is blank in any country in the world. It provides a reliable guarantee for improving the overall quality of employees in China. The establishment of the professional qualification system of China's jewelry industry has well maintained the standardized and healthy development of China's jewelry industry, ensured the standardized and professional communication between the jewelry industry and consumers, and improved the consumer confidence of China consumers in jewelry industry products.
4. Certificate education and forms of education.
In the early stage of China's jewelry education, the experience and models of many well-known foreign jewelry research and education institutions were used for reference, which played an important role in the beginning of China's jewelry education. Today, some foreign education still plays a positive role in the development of Chinese jewelry industry through cooperation. At the same time, domestic educational institutions have established their own certificate education system combining the characteristics of China's jewelry market and the development needs of China's jewelry industry.
Figure 7- 1-2 NGTC Jewelry Marketing Environment Design Course
The first foreign certificate education introduced to China was the Royal Gemstone Association, which cooperated with China Geo University to set up FGA (Gemstone Course) and DGA (Diamond Course) certificate course in Wuhan from 65438 to 0988. At present, more than 500 professional technicians with FGA and DGA qualifications have been trained. Other foreign training institutions, such as GIA (American Gemological Institute), HRD (Belgian Diamond High Council), GII (American International Gemological Institute), IGI (International Gemological Institute) and ASA (American Appraisers Association), have also carried out relevant training in China. Since 1999, G IA has cooperated with Chinese mainland National Jewelry Training Center to provide courses such as colored gems, diamonds, jewelry marketing and pearl grading. So far, more than 400 trainees have been trained.
In the 1990s, Wuhan Jewelry Institute established GIC certificate education, which involved gem identification, diamond identification and grading, jadeite identification, jewelry design and jewelry making. In the same period, NGTC certificate education system was established in the jewelry training of the National Inspection Institute, including gem identification and evaluation certificate course, diamond identification and classification certificate course, jewelry salesman certificate course, jewelry marketing and management certificate course, jewelry store management certificate course, jewelry marketing environment design certificate course, jewelry design certificate course, jewelry evaluation certificate course, jewelry appreciation certificate course, jade and nephrite identification and trading certificate course, jewelry making certificate course and jewelry consumption expert consultant certificate course. After that, China Jewelry and Jade Jewelry Industry Association established GAC certificate education, mainly involving gem identification technology.
In addition, in recent years, more and more enterprises have carried out various kinds of internal training according to their own development strategies and operating conditions, which is more in line with the needs of their own enterprise development and more timely in cultivating talents. Network education is also a new form of education developed in recent one or two years. Although this kind of training needs to be further improved, it has also played a positive role in the cultivation of talents and has great room for development. Correspondence education is also a very effective supplementary form of other education.
Therefore, it can be said that certificate education in China is very practical and flexible.
5. The problems existing in jewelry education and the direction of efforts.
Jewelry education has achieved fruitful results for more than 20 years and made great contributions to the jewelry industry. Especially as a jewelry industry with strong professionalism, special commodity types and unique management methods, its education and personnel training are more important and necessary. It should be said that jewelry education has a long way to go. The following aspects deserve our improvement and efforts in the future.
5. 1 Jewelry education needs stronger scientific research as the foundation.
Education and scientific research are inseparable, and scientific research is the foundation of education. Over the years, the weakest link in the jewelry industry has been scientific research. Only by conducting scientific research on the problems existing in various industrial chains of jewelry industry can we truly serve the industry and promote its development.
Judging from the current development status and development strategy of the industry, there are many links that need our scientific research. First of all, in terms of jewelry appraisal technology and quality evaluation system, it is necessary to conduct in-depth and feasible research to lay a better standard foundation for market norms; The second is the research on the management mode of jewelry industry. Due to the particularity of jewelry industry, its management, planning and management system and operation mode are necessarily different from other industries. Through scientific research, establish and explore a set of marketing model suitable for the development of jewelry industry. Furthermore, as a big jewelry producer, researching and exploring new jewelry processing technology is the basis for Chinese jewelry manufacturing industry to enter the international market. The research of new materials and the development of new processing equipment and testing equipment are also extremely important.
Scientific research is the driving force for the development of the whole industry and needs full attention from the industry. The state's investment in the jewelry industry is very limited, so it is necessary to concentrate the strength of enterprises in the industry and strengthen cooperation with corresponding scientific research institutes and educational institutions.
5.2 Corporate brand and corporate culture construction education
Brand and corporate culture are one of the weak links in the jewelry industry at present. To be exact, China has not established a real brand enterprise, and the construction of corporate culture is even more lacking. Many well-developed enterprises have begun to have this idea, but most of them stay on the slogan and surface, and have not really made great efforts to carry out this kind of work in depth. This requires the joint efforts of educational institutions and enterprises.
5.3 Jewelry education generally attaches importance to theoretical teaching and lacks practical teaching.
The problem of jewelry education has always been to attach importance to theoretical teaching and lack practical teaching. Although educators have been trying to reform this field in recent years, it is still the direction of improvement for quite some time to come. This requires close cooperation between enterprises and educational institutions, and adopts the educational policy of "going out" and "please come in". Enterprises should put forward the problems and shortcomings of the industry without reservation, and educational institutions should learn from enterprises with an open mind, hire senior managers and technicians to enter the education lecture hall and get out of the bottleneck of jewelry education and industry development.
5.4 Strengthen the cultivation of jewelry design masters and jewelry production masters.
Jewelry products are the carrier of corporate brands and cultural concepts, and they are the most direct presentation of corporate culture and brands to consumers. The innovation of jewelry design concept and the improvement of production technology are the foundation and lifeline of enterprise development. At present, the important problems are the serious disconnection between design and manufacturing, the lack of creativity and serialization of design, the insufficient integration of commercial design and conceptual design, the mismatch between design ideas and enterprise product development strategies, and the lack of training and making big money from design masters. The structure of jewelry design course needs to be adjusted, and design and production need to be parallel, and cannot be carried out separately. Only in this way can we really improve the added value of jewelry products and get out of the misunderstanding that the cost of materials determines the price of goods.
5.5 Training of Compound Talents
Jewelry industry practitioners need not only professionalism, but also management and marketing skills, which is closely related to professionalism and market. Therefore, the cultivation of talents is not only a simple and single professional and technical education and training, but also requires that the talents we cultivate are compound talents with professional knowledge, marketing, management, planning ability and practical experience, especially in the process of academic education, which is an important period for cultivating students' thinking and thinking consciousness. In the formal education stage, if students' thinking is solidified, it will be difficult for such talents to reverse their natural defects after entering the industry and market, and it needs to be improved in discipline construction.
5.6 Education and industry are inseparable.
Education is always the way and means to train talents for society and industry. Therefore, education and personnel training are by no means the business of educational institutions themselves. The purpose of education is to serve the industry, and the industry is the user and receiver of educational talents. In order to make the talents, scientific research activities and achievements we cultivate truly meet the needs of industry development, we need close cooperation between industry and educational institutions. It is necessary for the industry to give sufficient support and help in the aspects of enterprise talent demand, enterprise development demand and enterprise management experience of educational institutions, and to establish a brand-new jewelry education model jointly created by enterprises and education.