Gorky's life
1. Experience
Maxim? Gorky, former Soviet writer, formerly known as Alexei? Macsimovici? Peter skov. Gorky is his pseudonym ("Gorky" means "suffering" in Russian). Gorky is "the greatest representative of proletarian art", "the founder of socialist realistic literature" and "the mentor of proletarian revolutionary literature". 1868 was born in Nizhny Novgorod (formerly known as Gorky) on March 28th. My father died when Gorky was 3 years old. Gorky later lived with his mother at his grandfather's house.
1/kloc-0 started to be a "person" at the age of/,and once worked as an apprentice, porter, baker, etc. In the 1980s, he joined the secret study group of intellectuals with populist views in Kazan, and 1883 began to wander.
Gorky has a strong desire to learn since he was a child. He got good grades at school and won the highest prize. However, poverty kept him in school for only two years. In order to support his family, he ran around and did all kinds of work, but he never forgot to study. He often ventures to find books to read. In order to avoid the boss's imprisonment, he often uses late at night to read books. He made an oil lamp out of cans, collected the residual oil from the owner's candle tray, and hid in storage rooms, sheds and other places to study hard. Unable to find the oil lamp, he read in the moonlight. In an extremely difficult environment, Gorky worked hard on self-study and mastered a high level of culture, which laid a solid foundation for his literary creation.
set up
A remarkable feature of Gorky's early works (1892 1899) is the coexistence of romantic works and realistic works. On the one hand, it reflects that the writer is still in the exploration stage of artistic creation; On the other hand, it is also inseparable from his understanding of the literary mission at that time. Gorky believes that the times need literary awakening to push people to pursue light and ideals like "alarm bells". His romantic works mainly show the ideal heroic spirit.
1892, the first short story "mccarde? "De la chu, concentrate on writing from now on.
1895 The Old Woman of Ezekiel and Song of the Eagle are all excellent works.
From 65438 to 0898, his first collection of essays and short stories came out, which attracted wide attention at home and abroad.
In his early works, there were both romantic works and realistic works.
Romantic works include Girl and Death, The Old Woman in Izgil, Song of the Eagle, Haiyan and so on. On the one hand, these works reflect the people's desire for revolution and freedom, and also express the author's vision for a better future. In particular, the image of Haiyan created by 190 1 is regarded as a symbol of the coming revolutionary storm, which greatly inspires people.
Early realistic works include: Mr. and Mrs. orlov, Konarov, Fallen Man, On the Grassland, Because of Boredom, Twenty-six and One, etc. It mainly criticizes the misery of bourgeois society and the meanness of philistinism, but also shows the people's political awakening and expresses their anger and protest against the exploitation system.
Gorky's early realistic works are mostly based on his experiences and feelings in riffraff, among which the most representative is the novel with the theme of tramp. These works not only strongly accuse the evils of capitalist society, but also try to reveal the inner pain of tramps and the struggle between old and new consciousness, and capture the characteristics of the times of working people's life. Their purpose is still to arouse people's positive attitude towards life. Masterpiece: History of Cerca.
The novel Cerca Shi (1895) vividly describes the noble qualities of Cerca Shi, an old tramp, who is brave, independent and uninhibited, indomitable in the face of money, and upholds human dignity. It shows that although their mental burden is still heavy, they are much more noble than selfish and vulgar individuals. In art, Celka fully demonstrated Gorky's superb skills in portraying complex characters in his early realistic works.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Gorky's creation turned to drama, which reflected the social contradictions at that time in the quickest, most direct and most concise form.
1905 (19001909) The revolution was the second stage of Gorky's thought and creative development. During this period, Gorky took an active part in the revolutionary movement, got to know Lenin and joined the Bolshevik Party, and his world outlook took a qualitative leap. In creation, he also served the proletarian revolutionary cause more consciously, tried to create new heroes and wrote something higher, better and more beautiful than life.
In1901-1910, many important social and political plays have been written successively, such as Ordinary People, The Bottom, Summer Tourists, Children of the Sun, Wild Wars and so on. Some of them reflect the poor people's struggling life, while others expose the spirit of intellectuals and bourgeois philistinism. In the play Little Citizen, the author first describes the glorious image of Neil, an advanced worker. The performances of these plays were warmly welcomed by the revolutionary people and caused panic in the czar's government.
After the 19 10 revolution, Gorky's creation reached a mature stage. The script "The Enemy" (1906) first describes the working class's frontal attack on the fighting collective of the bourgeoisie, and shapes the typical image of Sintsov. At the same time, the novel Mother (1906) is of epoch-making significance in the history of world literature. These two works are the foundation works of Russian proletarian literature.
During the Russian revolution from 65438 to 0905, Gorky actively participated in the proletarian revolutionary struggle, joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and met with Lenin.
Gorky wrote two most important works, Mother and Enemy, from 65438 to 0906, which made his creation reach a new peak. Mother is the foundation work of socialist literature, and the images of the protagonist Pavel and his mother Nilovna summarize the excellent qualities of Russian working-class revolutionary fighters in the early 20th century. Lenin praised the novel as a "very timely book" and proposed that it was "of great benefit" to Russian workers.
The period between the two revolutions (1908 19 17) can be regarded as the third stage of Gorky's thought and creation.
1905 After the failure of the revolution, Gorky lived in Italy for a long time and was ideologically influenced by opportunistic factions within the party. Gorky once accepted the creationism and published the novella Confessions (1908), which was severely criticized by Lenin. Gorky also wrote many important works before and after the October Revolution: Summer, Three Men and Matvei? Life of Crimean King, Russian Fairy Tales, Song of Haiyan and autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth, My University, etc. Among them, Childhood, On Earth and My University are autobiographical novels written according to his own experience.
Gorky went abroad for illness in 1922, during which he finished the novel The Life of the Aldamonov Family (1925).
After returning to China from 65438 to 0928, I witnessed the vigorous scene of socialist construction in the motherland and my blood was boiling. In his later years, he wrote many passionate features, political essays and commentary articles, as well as an epic novel "Kerim? Samgin's life (1925? 1936).
Gorky presided over the first congress of Soviet writers in 1934 and was elected as the president of the congress.
Gorky died at 2: 30 on June 1936 at the age of 68.
Gorky's literary creation
1, Early Life and Creation
Gorky lost his father at the age of 3, 1 1 made a living independently and worked as an apprentice, porter and baker. 1884 went to Kazan, and 19 visited Russia twice in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and got a wide understanding of people's feelings. In the meantime, he was arrested on 1889 for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. After his release, his actions were still monitored by the Constitutional Police. 1892 published the first novel Macard? Chudela, soon began to work as an editor and journalist in local newspapers and periodicals. 1898 published two volumes of prose and short stories, which are well-known in Russian and European literary circles. He has only been in school for three years and is completely self-taught.
Most of his early works are short stories. Among them, "McArdle? Cudla, Maiden and Death, Old Lady ezekiel, Song of the Eagle and other works, with a strong contrast between darkness and light, praise the heroes who yearn for light and devote themselves to the interests of the people, and have distinct romantic characteristics. Novels such as Cerca Shi, Konarov and Because of Boredom focus on describing the miserable life of the lower classes and expressing their anger at reality, which belong to artistic realism. The short story The Reader and the critical article Paul? Wei Erlan and decadence, etc. It also shows that the author attaches importance to the social role of literature from the beginning and has a distinct artistic position against decadence.
/kloc-at the turn of the 0/9th century and the 20th century, Fuma? Two novellas, Goyle Deyev and Three Men, focus on revealing the theme of life exploration of young heroes through a broader realistic picture.
Starting from 1900, Gorky participated in and presided over the work of Knowledge Publishing House, and United a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia at that time by publishing knowledge series. 190 1 year, he wrote leaflets in St. Petersburg, exposing the atrocities of the czar government in suppressing demonstrators and calling for the overthrow of the autocratic system. Song of Haiyan, a prose poem published in the same year, is full of revolutionary passion and is considered as a "revolutionary declaration". This year, he was also entrusted by the revolutionary party to set up a secret printing factory and was arrested and exiled for the second time.
Gorky wrote several plays in succession at the beginning of the 20th century, among which Ordinary Citizen exposed the contradiction between bourgeois conservatives and liberals and created a vivid image of workers. The bottom deeply criticizes passive waiting for happiness, and a character in the play declares, "How proud the word human sounds." The three plays, Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun and Barbarian, revealed the split of Russian intellectuals at that time and flogged those who abandoned the revolutionary ideal. 1905 at the beginning of the revolution, as a witness against the shooting of petitioners by the czar government, he wrote leaflets and called on the people to fight, and actively participated in the publication of New Life and Fight by the Social Democratic Labor Party, trying to plan funds and weapons for the insurgents. During this period, he also published a lot of political comments, among which "On the Habits of Ordinary Citizens" deeply analyzed its social roots, psychological characteristics and its harm to the revolutionary cause.
2. Mid-term life and creation
1at the beginning of 906, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he publicized the revolution and raised money for the party. In the same year, he wrote the drama Enemy and the novel Mother in America. The former successfully demonstrated the unity and fighting spirit of the working class without fear of sacrifice through fierce face-to-face conflicts between workers and factory owners in a factory; The latter highlights the image of Barville and his mother Nilovna, who consciously struggled for the cause of socialism, who changed from resignation to firm revolutionary fighters under the realistic education, based on the May Day tour behavior of women in Sormo in 1902. Both works are permeated with firm belief in historical progress and embody the creative principle of expressing reality in the development of real revolution, and are recognized as the foundation works of socialist realism. During his stay in America, the writer also wrote My Interview and In America, which exposed and criticized the capitalist system.
After the temporary failure of the revolution, Gorky went to Italy from the United States in the autumn of 1906 and settled in Capri Island. In May of the following year, he and Lenin attended the fifth congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held there. In the following years, he wrote The Life of Useless People, Summer and the Town of Ogulov, The Last Generation and Vasa? During this period, due to work reasons, he had a close relationship with bogdanov, then a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and participated in the progressive activities led by the latter, and was influenced by his idealistic philosophy. His novella Confessions advocates obvious creationism. At that time, some papers and monographs published by him, such as the History of Russian Literature, also contained some wrong views such as "concept compound", "experience organization" and "creationism" to varying degrees. With the help of Lenin's criticism, he gradually raised his consciousness and broke away from the progressive group.
192/kloc-0 went abroad for medical treatment in the summer of, and basically lived in sorrento until 1928. During his recovery, he tried his best to resist the ultra-left and sectarian mistakes of some groups such as Lapp through letters and interviews, and did a lot of work to train young writers and unite writers of different styles. He also worked hard to create and publish his memoir Leo? Tolstoy and close-up Lenin completed the autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "On Earth" and "My University", describing the writer's journey from the bottom of life to the revolutionary road and the laborer's pursuit of truth and light. The novel Life of Artamonov Family was written from 1924 to 1925. Under the broad historical background of Russian serfdom reform to October Revolution in the middle of 19 century, it describes the changes of three generations of a family and shows the inevitable decline of the bourgeoisie from the psychological and moral perspectives.
1928 After Gorky returned to China, he traveled around the country twice and wrote a long reportage, Travel Notes of the Soviet Union. He has lived in Moscow since 193 1. In the creation of his later years, the play Egor? Bulychov and Dosch Gaeff show the decline of capitalism and the victory of socialism, while the novel Krim? The Life of Samgin describes the 40-year historical changes of Russian society before the October Revolution, with an individualistic intellectual as the central figure and reflecting the growth of revolutionary forces. He also published a series of papers such as "On Socialist Realism" and advocated socialist realism. 1934 was elected as the first chairman of the Soviet writers association.
Gorky's works have been introduced to China since the early 20th century. Many of his novels, plays and works have not only been translated into Chinese, but also edited and published into single-volume and multi-volume Gorky collections.
His literary creation and literary theory had an important influence on the development of China's new literature after the May 4th Movement.
Gorky's main works
List of works
Gorky assiduously taught himself cultural knowledge, actively participated in revolutionary activities and explored ways to transform reality. 1892 published the first novel Macard? Cudla appeared in the literary world, and his early works mixed realism and romanticism, which was a necessary stage before the formation of his proletarian world outlook. Gorky's fame, as a trilogy of life: Childhood, On Earth and My University, has become a classic work for proletarian writers in the world to describe their personal growth and struggle experiences.
Romantic works such as Macard? Cudla, the old lady ezekiel (1895) and the eagle song (1895) praised the strong personality of loving freedom, longing for the light and dying bravely, and showed the passion of fighting. Realistic works, such as Circa Shi, Fallen Man, Konarov, etc. Describe people's miserable life and their noble character, and express their anger and struggle. Most of the protagonists in these works are people who are trying to explore a new way of life, thinking about the meaning of life and full of fierce conflicts in their hearts. 190 1 year, he personally participated in the demonstration in Petersburg, created the famous prose poem "Song of Haiyan", shaped the brave Haiyan image symbolizing the great wisdom and courage of revolutionaries, predicted the coming revolutionary storm and inspired people to meet the great battle. This is an essay and ode of proletarian revolutionary fighting, which was warmly praised by Lenin.
1. Drama
1905 On the eve of the Russian revolution, Gorky's creation turned to drama. From 190 1 to 1905, he wrote plays such as Ordinary Citizens, The Bottom, Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun, and Mankind War. Especially the ordinary citizens and the bottom class, show the new image and new mental outlook of workers in real life, and show their determination and optimism to fight for rights. Their performance caused a sensation in the Russian drama circle at that time.
Gorky's two most important novels, Mother and Enemy, marked a new peak of his creation from 65438 to 0906. Mother created the heroic images of the first batch of proletarian revolutionaries who consciously fought for socialism in the history of world literature, which is the foundation stone of socialist realistic literature. Lenin affirmed its practical significance. He (Gorky) was also called "the most outstanding representative of proletarian art" by Lenin.
1905 after the failure of the revolution, Gorky went to the United States and Italy to write a series of political articles, attacking the western capitalist system and various reactionary ideological trends that flooded the ideological and literary circles. Confessions, a novella written in 1908, reveals the idealism of creationism and is severely criticized by Lenin. Nevertheless, Gorky's dominant tendency is still positive and full of revolutionary fighting spirit. In this paper, the characteristics of the new proletarian literary creation method are explored in many aspects, and the viewpoint of combining realism with romanticism is put forward. His creative achievements between the two revolutions are quite rich, such as The Town of Ogulov (1909), Summer (1909) and Matvei? The Life of Kremyakin (1910 ~191/Italian Fairy Tales (191~/)
2. Novel
In the ten years after the October Revolution, Gorky only wrote memoirs about the unique artistic style and important literary value of Lenin and some writers, as well as the final autobiographical trilogy My University (1922 ~ 1923) and Life of Artamonov Family (1924 ~ 1923). 192 1 year, he followed Lenin's suggestion and went abroad to recuperate. /kloc-after returning to China in 0/925, he began to create a voluminous epic masterpiece "Kerim? From 193 1. Samgin's life is an unfinished work. 1936 before his death, he also wrote Travel Notes of the Soviet Union (1929), The Story of a Hero and several plays Egor? Bulychov et al. (1932), Toschi Gaeff et al. (1933), Vasa? Nizhneva (1935), as well as a large number of literary theories, literary criticisms and political articles, have made great contributions to Marxist literary theory and socialist cultural undertakings.
Gorky's character evaluation
As far as his achievements are concerned, Gorky is not only a great writer, but also an outstanding social activist. On 1934, he organized the first writers' congress in the whole Soviet Union, trained new literary talents and actively devoted himself to the cause of maintaining world peace. Gorky's works were introduced to China from 1907. His excellent literary works and papers have become the common wealth of the proletariat all over the world. Lenin called him "the most outstanding representative of proletarian art".
Before the October Revolution, Gorky supported the leftist revolutionary theory, especially the Bolshevik violent revolutionary view. However, when the October Revolution broke out, Gorky turned against the Bolsheviks and went abroad. Later, due to Lenin's tolerance and Stalin's strategy, he gradually returned. After returning to China, he could not resist the temptation of rights and interests, and eventually became a "red writer" who was "appointed by the king". It can be said that Gorky's political thoughts wavered, and his emotional character also doomed his later tragedy.
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