First, undergraduate course
As the foundation of higher education system, undergraduate education plays an important role in the whole higher education system. The bachelor's education in Hungary is similar to that in China. Except for a few disciplines (medicine) which need 6 years, the duration of other disciplines is 3.5-5 years (generally 4 years, at most 5 years). The cultivation of undergraduate education in Hungary is similar to that in China, which is mainly divided into three links: course study, graduation practice and graduation thesis. Taking ELTE's bachelor's degree in computer science as an example, this paper introduces the undergraduate education in Hungary in detail.
1) course learning
Course learning is an important link in the process of undergraduate training, so the task of undergraduate learning is still relatively heavy. Figure 1 shows the curriculum system of computer majors in ELTE Information College.
Figure 1 ELTE Information College Computer Science Course System
In figure 1, l stands for lecture, that is, theoretical course, and p stands for practice, that is, practical course (experimental computer course). As can be seen from the figure, basically every course will be divided into two parts, L+P, among which, the way of course assessment is also different from that in China. The course assessment here is divided into three parts: mid-term exam results, classroom performance and homework, and final exam results. Finally, different academic achievements correspond to different credits. The credits for each course are 2-4 credits. For a computer undergraduate who is about to graduate, to get at least 265,438+00 credits, he basically needs to study about 50 courses.
2) Graduation practice
According to the relevant documents of the Hungarian government, graduation practice is a compulsory link in the process of undergraduate training, usually a part of the curriculum system, but compared with the curriculum, the internship part has no credits. The graduation internship requirement of ELTE computer bachelor is: 8 weeks internship in the enterprise. This is different from most efficient practices in China. The practice mode of undergraduate students in Hungarian universities is decentralized practice, and each student needs to apply for an internship by himself. But in most universities in China, it is necessary to participate in the collective practice organized by the school.
3) Graduation thesis
As the last training link, graduation thesis is mainly divided into topic selection, thesis writing and thesis defense, which is consistent with the procedures of domestic universities. The only difference is that students need to take a large-scale comprehensive examination before defending their graduation thesis. This exam will assess and evaluate the learning situation of all the courses they have studied before, and only by passing this comprehensive exam can they enter the graduation thesis.
Second, the master
There are also great differences in postgraduate education between Hungary and China, which are mainly reflected in the educational system and specific training links. The postgraduate education system in Hungary (except special subjects such as medicine) is two years, which is shorter than that in China. The training links are mainly divided into three links: course study, final examination and graduation thesis. Taking the Master of Computer Science in ELTE Institute of Information as an example, this paper introduces the postgraduate education in Hungary.
The Master of Computer Science in ELTE School of Information is divided into three specific majors, namely, software engineering and service architecture, data science and network security. Figures 2, 3 and 4 are respectively the training plans for software engineering and service architecture, data science and network security.
Figure 2 Software Engineering and Service Architecture Professional Training Plan
Figure 3 Training Plan of Data Science Specialty
Figure 4 Network Security Professional Training Plan
As can be seen from the professional training plan shown in Figure 2- Figure 4, the credit requirement of ELTE Master of Computer Science is 120, including 80 credits for courses and 40 credits for papers, which is consistent with the undergraduate curriculum. The courses are divided into theoretical courses and practical courses. For graduate students, in addition to taking the course exam to complete the course study, they also need to take the final exam. Consistent with the undergraduate comprehensive examination, the postgraduate final examination has no credits and needs to be passed before the thesis defense, but unlike the undergraduate comprehensive examination, the postgraduate final examination needs to choose two topics from the examination direction in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Direction of Final Examination for Master of Computer Science
From the above training scheme and curriculum system, we can know that Hungarian universities have no specific requirements for postgraduate papers, which is very different from the training process of postgraduate students in China.
Third, doctors.
As the highest level of education in the higher education system, the quality of doctor training affects the development of higher education to a great extent. There are some differences between Hungarian doctoral training system and China, which are reflected in the educational system and training links.
At present, the doctoral education system in Hungary is four years (before 20 16, the doctoral education system is three years), which is divided into "2+2", in which the first two years are curriculum study and project research (PhD) and the last two years are project research and thesis writing (PhD candidates). This undergraduate is similar to a master's student. Doctoral students need to take a comprehensive examination after completing their studies for the first two years. Only by passing this comprehensive examination can they enter the next stage of research and thesis writing. Taking Dr. ELTE Informatics as an example, this paper introduces the doctoral training system in Hungary in detail.
Dr. ELTE is also divided into four sub-directions, namely, information system, numerical calculation, basic methods of informatics and teaching methods of informatics. Students need to choose a direction from the above direction list when they enter school. The cultivation of doctoral degree in ELTE informatics is mainly divided into courses, research, comprehensive examination, thesis defense and so on. For all training sessions, it will be quantified to specific credits.
For doctoral students who are about to graduate, they need to complete at least 240 credits, including at least 120 credits in the first two years and at least 120 credits in the second two years. In the first two years, students can get credits through course study, project research and teaching, and in the second two years, they can get credits through project research, vocational training and teaching, of which course credits can only be obtained in the first two years. The specific requirements are as follows.
For the course study part, credits can only be obtained through course study, and the credits for doctoral courses are 6 credits, so doctoral students need to complete at least 6 courses; The credits of the research part of the project are divided into two parts. One part is that the research has no specific research results, and the tutor and the doctoral committee of the college need to evaluate the working hours and research progress of the doctor, and then give different credits according to the evaluation results, of which this part can only get 20 credits at most each semester. For credits with specific research results, there are specific quantitative standards:
For doctoral students, the comprehensive examination at the end of the second semester is very important. The comprehensive examination is divided into two modules: theoretical knowledge evaluation and research ability evaluation. In the part of theoretical knowledge assessment, two different subjects need to be selected for assessment, mainly to assess basic theoretical knowledge; In the evaluation of research ability, it is mainly based on the research results (published papers) of the previous two years to evaluate whether it has the ability to engage in follow-up doctoral research and thesis research. Only by passing the comprehensive examination can you enter the next two years of study, otherwise the whole doctoral study will be terminated.
Fourth, summary.
Hungary's higher education system is based on a typical "credit system" training model. In the whole training process of undergraduate, master and doctoral students, whether it is course study, professional practice or project research, it will be quantified to specific credits, which is still different from domestic universities. At the same time, different from domestic higher education, Hungarian higher education pays attention to the evaluation of students' learning and research ability. Whether it is undergraduate, master or doctoral research, it is necessary to take a comprehensive examination at a specific time node, and it is necessary to evaluate whether students have the basic ability to continue their studies and obtain relevant degrees through comprehensive examinations, which reflects the concept of "elimination mechanism" in foreign higher education training systems to some extent.