1, the task of teachers
Han Yu said: "Ancient scholars must have teachers." As a teacher, you can preach, teach and dispel doubts. "The so-called' preaching' refers to spreading Confucian orthodoxy and Confucian self-cultivation, managing the family, governing the country and leveling the world; The so-called class collection, that is, teaching, refers to teaching ancient books and Confucian classics, so that students can master certain ancient books and documents, have certain reading and writing skills, and receive education in cultural sentence recognition skills; The so-called solution is that teachers constantly answer students' doubts about "Tao" and "industry" in the teaching process. He believes that these three are the basic tasks of teachers; And these three tasks are closely related. Preaching first, teaching second. Tao leads the industry, and the industry embodies Tao. Tao is the main aspect and karma is the secondary aspect. In his view, the teacher's task is to preach, and the six classics of ancient Chinese are just tools to carry the Tao; Teaching is for preaching, and preaching is accomplished through teaching. He believes that if a teacher just "learns to read his sentences" without preaching, it is "left over from primary school", that is, because of "smallness", he loses "greatness" and forgets his fundamental task. Obviously, Han Yu emphasized that the basic task of teachers is to restore the tradition of Confucianism and Taoism. But his analysis of teachers' tasks in this way is still meaningful. Taking "preaching" as the first task, "teaching" as the second task, and "solving doubts" as the position, the order is also very clear. It not only contains the meaning that teachers should play a leading role in the whole teaching process of preaching, teaching and solving doubts, but also contains the idea that moral education should be carried out through intellectual education rather than moral education.
2. Teacher standards
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Han Yu thinks: "Born before me, he learned Taoism, born before me, so I learned from him." After I was born, I learned the Tao and learned from it first. I am a teacher, and I don't know that years were born in me. Therefore, there is no nobility, no length, no shortage, the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers. "Meaning, regardless of social status, regardless of age, whoever has mastered the Tao is the teacher. A teacher can't be a teacher without a certain way. Students "learn from teachers", that is, "learn from teachers". To be a teacher, you must be faithful to the Tao and preach and teach to solve doubts; And preaching is achieved through teaching. Therefore, the criteria for measuring teachers are: first, "Tao", followed by "industry". Anyone with "Tao" and "career" can be a teacher. Teachers should strengthen the cultivation of "Tao" and "occupation". His views are also very meaningful.
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3. Teacher-student relationship
Since he regards "Tao" and "industry" as the criteria for measuring teachers, he thinks that whoever is worthy of Tao first, who is knowledgeable, is a teacher, that is, "disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, teachers don't have to be superior to disciples, they have to learn Tao in order, and they have specialization in technical fields, that's all." Because they have different attainments in a certain aspect of Tao and specialization in a certain aspect of career, perhaps students are not necessarily inferior to teachers, and teachers are not necessarily better than students everywhere. His thought is profound, which not only shows that teachers are not necessarily omnipotent and perfect, but also breaks teachers' blind superstition and removes the old concept that "disciples must be inferior to teachers, and teachers must be superior to disciples". Moreover, it also shows that the smell of Tao comes first, and it is "aware first and then aware", attacking the profession with knowledge and teaching ignorance with knowledge. The objective law of this teaching process.
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Han Yu also emphasized the truth that "saints are impermanent teachers" and "don't be ashamed, learn from each other's strengths". Taking Confucius' worship of Tan Zi (seeking official titles), Changhong (seeking music), Shi Xiang (seeking guqin) and Lao Dan (seeking gifts) as examples, he advocated that people should learn from people with noble moral character and expertise, and learn from each other. Whoever is better than himself in a certain respect should worship each other. There is not only the view that "those who are capable are teachers", but also the meaning of "learning from others". His thought is conducive to expanding the source of teachers and promoting the development of culture and education.
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In a word, Han Yu saw the contradictory and unified relationship between Tao and teacher, Tao and industry, and teacher and student, which contained the factors of simple dialectics. He suggested that teachers should not only be loyal to ideals and spread the truth, but also have knowledge and expertise to teach seriously. He hinted that teachers should not only play a leading role, but also attach importance to teaching and learning, and capable people should be teachers. These excellent opinions not only greatly enriched the ancient educational theory in China, but also have certain reference value and enlightening significance for us to correctly understand the responsibilities of teachers today and correctly handle the relationship between politics and business, moral education and intellectual education, teaching and educating people, and teachers and students.
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Thoughts on identifying and cultivating talents
Han Yu believes that there are always talents, and the key lies in whether they can be recognized and supported. In his essay "Miscellaneous Notes on Horses", he showed the importance of knowing talents by knowing horses. He said: "There is Bole in the world, and there is also a swift horse. A thousand miles away, there are not many boles. " It can be seen that it is rare to know a horse. Only those who know horses will find maxima. I don't know anything about horses, although there are buried swift horses. Although it is a famous horse, it is not called dry. You can't keep horses because you don't know them. Although "a horse has the ability to do its job well", it can't meet its basic living requirements because of unfair treatment, so it can't give full play to its ability. "If you don't have enough to eat, you won't be able to do it." If it is as difficult as an ordinary horse, how can you ask it to go to Wan Li Road? He laughed at people who didn't know talent and said, "If you don't do it your own way, you can't make the best use of it, and you can't understand yourself when you sing." It is illegal to drive people out and raise people, and it is impossible to understand A?vagho?a's wishes, which is contrary to "there is no horse in the world if policies are implemented". "It shows that those who don't know horses are ignorant, blind and proud." Is it really innocent? I really don't understand horses! It is not that there are no good horses in the world, but that people who know horses are "not often". He believes that only by being good at identification and proper training will a large number of talents emerge.
Han Yu's thought of knowing talents, cultivating talents and using talents is a new development of Confucius' thought of "gathering talents" and Shang Xian's thought of managing children, and it is also a powerful criticism of the decadent thought of feudal aristocrats who are self-centered and crony. The waste and trampling of talents by the ruling class in feudal society is very serious. Han Yu tried four times in the Ministry of Ritual and three times in the official department. After ten years of grooming, he was highly wronged and relegated several times, and he really felt something about the talent problem. He said, "If everything is uneven, it will sound unfair." Talking about horses "is an" unfair voice "he gave to middle and lower intellectuals and all talented people in combination with his unsuccessful experiences in his early years. This is also valuable in the history of China's ancient educational thought.
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Guan gan's teaching thought
1. Diligence is the key to academic progress.
Han Yu said in "A Solution to Learning": "Industry is good at diligence, but play is barren; What you do is thought, but it is destruction. " It means that the improvement of learning lies in diligence and hard work, and the neglect of learning lies in play and entertainment; Success in life lies in deliberation, and failure lies in persistence.
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What he calls "diligence" is manifested in oral diligence (reciting more), hand diligence (reading more), brain diligence (thinking more and experiencing more) and studying day and night. He said: "The mouth is full of six arts, and the hand is full of hundred weaves." "Continue to burn ointment, continue to live in poverty. I kept reciting hundreds of articles, reading hundreds of articles, lighting a lamp to continue the sunshine, studying hard and making unremitting efforts for many years. This is a summary of his predecessors' academic experience, and it is also the crystallization of his valuable experience in academic research and teaching for many years.
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2. Improve on the basis of Bo.
Han Yu realized the dialectical relationship between erudition and precision in teaching practice. "Bo" and "Jing" are unity of opposites. Without Bo, there can be no Jing. There is no essence, Bo is just a hodgepodge. On the one hand, Han Yu emphasized erudition and put forward that "more things should be greedy, less things should not be donated" and "all money should be taken for backup". The pursuit is not satisfied, but the efforts have gained something, not letting go of the main and subtle, waiting for use, not missing anything. On the other hand, Han Yu also demanded precise fit, and put forward "mentioning its essentials" and "hooking its mystery". That is to say, in teaching, an outline should be put forward, so that students can grasp the main points and guide them to explore its subtleties, achieve mastery through a comprehensive study and understand its spiritual essence.
Han Yu also suggested that teaching should pay attention to systematicness. He objected that "learning is to be diligent without saying (by) its unity, but to say more without entering." The so-called "out of control" means not starting from the system and not understanding the whole picture of things. You just have some fragmented knowledge, which is useless. The so-called "not too big" means that although you talk a lot, you can't grasp the key point of the problem and don't get to the point. Such teaching is also useless to students. It is necessary to pay attention to both systematicness and key points, which requires teachers to study textbooks in depth. He put forward "full immersion, full elegance and elegance", studied deeply, immersed in the rich and delicious aroma of ancient books, chewed and tasted the essence. Only in this way can we improve the teaching quality and achieve good teaching results.
3. Combine learning with originality.
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Han Yu believes that "learning from the ancient sages" means "learning from his intentions rather than his words". Take the ancients as an example ......